1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 27 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 美国的知识分子2006 年英译汉及详解Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is
2、not true. Father Bruckberger told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected America. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not America, who have become anti-intellectual.First, the object of
3、our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual?【F1】I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in a Socratic way about moral problems. He explores such problems consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking
4、 factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained.【F2】His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as pos
5、sible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectualsthe average scientist, for one.【 F3】I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charg
6、ed with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in the everyday performance of his routine dutieshe is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports.【F4 】 But his primary task
7、is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his waking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.The definition al
8、so excludes the majority of teachers, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living.【F5】 They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which invo
9、lve moral judgment. This description even fits the majority of eminent scholars. Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing, living in “public and illustrious thoughts,“ as Emerson would say, is something else.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 萨皮尔一沃尔夫假说的形成2004 年英译汉及详解The relation of
10、language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.【F1】The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.Only recently did linguists begin the serious s
11、tudy of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas and Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century.【F2】We are obliged to them because some of these languages
12、 have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic“ language, were not always so grateful.【F3 】The newly described
13、 languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Na-tive American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo could be used by the US military as a c
14、ode during World War II to send secret messages.Sapirs pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.【F4】Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in
15、 a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another.【F5】Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that langua
16、ge imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversit
17、y of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 人类学研究2003 年英译汉及详解Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable c
18、uriosity.【F1】Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies. Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope
19、that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.“Anthropology“ derives from the Greek words anthropos “human“ and logos “the study of“. By its very name, anthropology encompasses the
20、study of all humankind.Anthropology is one of the social sciences.【F2】Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomen
21、a.Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-stud
22、y oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.【F3】The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.Anthr
23、opological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylors formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science.【F4 】 Tylor defined culture as “. that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any o
24、ther capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society“. This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylors definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.【F5】Th
25、us, the anthropological concept of “culture“, like the concept of “set“ in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 历史研究的方法论1999 年英译汉及详解【F1】While there are almost as many definitions of histo
26、ry as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation of historians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In
27、this search the evidence found is always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of the historians craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to an unending process.【F2】Interest in historical methods has arisen less thr
28、ough external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves. While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciences seemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new quest
29、ions and providing rewarding approaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to a discipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of the contemporary world.【 F3】During this transfer, traditional historical methods were a
30、ugmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession.【 F4】There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in gener
31、al or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry. Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of “tunnel method“, frequently fall victim to the“technicist fallacy“. Also common in the natural sciences, the
32、technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation.【F5】It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity w
33、ith specific techniques.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 27 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 我把知识分子定义为这样一种人：他用苏格拉底的方式思考道德问题，并以此作为其生命中的主要职责与乐趣。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和宾补前置。 前一部分中，首先应该
34、把握“defineas”(把定义为)这个词组。“him”可以翻译成“知识分子”，也可以省略不译。后一部分，是由 who 引导的定语从句。采取后置翻译的方法；而“as his primaryduty and pleastlre in life”是状语成分，本应放在句末作补充说明，由于elected 的宾语“the activity ofthinking in a Socratic(苏格拉底)way about moral problems”比较长，所以 as 引导的状语作了前置处理，形成倒装。 2 【正确答案】 他的作用与法官类似，即他必须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来揭示他做出决定的推理
35、过程。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和介词短语作状语。 主句部分相对容易，而这其中“analogous”算是个难词。但是有上下文“to that(function)of ajudge”，这本身就显示“his function”和“that of a judge”之间是某种类比关系。而此处的“analogous”正是 “类似”的意思。定语从句部分则相对较难，也是本句翻译的关键。众所周知，理解长难句的关键是找出主干，who 引导的定语从句是一个非限制性定语从句，而且比较长，所以后置翻译。who 引导的定语从句是在限定“a judge”。其次，“in as obvious a matter
36、 as possible”是状语成分。“which led him to thisdecision”是一个简短的定语从句，可以作为一个修饰成分。 3 【正确答案】 我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题，但他承担的任务只是触及了这些问题的事实层面。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：让步状语从句和原因状语从句。 这个句子的结构是主句加上一个本身带有让步状语从句的原因状语从句。主句部分主要考查了指代关系。其中，当第一次出现代词“him”的时候，不难发现它指代的就是最近的中心词“average scientist”(一般科学家)。而在后面的原因状语从句中，则再一次考查了
37、“his”的指代关系。根据 “代一不代二”的原则，同句出现反复指代，那么只要翻译首次出现的代词即可。因此，这里的“his”可以直接翻译为 “他的”。 4 【正确答案】 但是普通科学家的主要任务并不是思考约束其行为的道德规范，正如我们不能指望商人将他的精力致力于探索行业规范一样。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：不定式作宾语和比较级。 本句由一个比较结构“notany more than”分割成两部分。前句中中仍然出现了一个传统考点定语从句：“which governs his activity”，而这个定语从句本身结构比较简单，可以作为一个修饰成分，因此，可以采取前置法，把整个定语从句作为形容词
38、翻译在中心词“moral code” 之前。 5 【正确答案】 教师可能教得很好，而且不仅仅是为了教书谋生，但是大部分教师却很少或没有对涉及人类道德判断的问题进行独立的思考。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：并列结构和定语从句。 此外主句中还出现了“more than”引导的比较结构，这个比较结构中还包含有省略结构。主句如果补全，应该是：They may teach very well，and they may teach more than earn their salaries，这样意思就比较明显了：知识分子可能教得很好，而且可能不光为了谋生而教书。又考到了定语从句“which involv
39、e moral judgment” 。可以采取前置法，把它置于中心词之前。 6 【正确答案】 希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点早在人们认识到语言可能千差万别以前就在欧洲扎了根。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和时间状语从句。 本句主干为 The Greeks assumed，that 引导宾语从句，作 assumed 的宾语；which 引导定语从句，修饰前面 assumed从句。定语从句中 long before people realized为时间状语，修饰 took root inEurope，how diverse languages could be
40、 作 realized 的宾语。定语从句中 long before时间状语在翻译时要根据汉语习惯置于谓语前。which 定语从句修饰的是前面的从句，因此需增译“这种观点”。 7 【正确答案】 我们之所以感激他们，是因为从此以后，这些语言中的一部分消失了，因为讲这些语言的人要么灭绝了，要么被同化了，因而丧失了自己的语言。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：时间状语从句和原因状语从句。 本句主干为We are obliged to them，because为原因状语从句，里面嵌套了一个 as 引导的时间状语从句，修饰 vanished；who spoke them 作定语修饰 peoples。as 引
41、导时间状语从句意为“随着，当的时候”，翻译时候根据汉语表达习惯应置于谓语前，即 as，some of these languages have sincevanished。因为本句中有原因状语从句，因此增译“之所以”，构成“之所以，是因为”的表达。 8 【正确答案】 这些新近被描述的各种语言与经过充分研究的欧洲和东南亚的语言是如此的显著的不同，以至于一些学者甚至指责 Boas 和 Sapir 编造了他们的资料。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：“SOthat”句型和动词的固定搭配。 本句使用了 sothat句型，主干为 The newly described languages were oft
42、en so strikingly differentthat。From the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia 为介词结构作状语，that somescholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data 为结果状语从句，of fabricating their data 作 Boas and Sapir 的宾补。 9 【正确答案】 由于对语言与思维的关系感兴趣，沃尔夫逐渐形成了这样的观点，即在一个社会中语言结构决定习惯性思维的结构。【试题解析】 本句考查
43、的重点是：状语从句和同位语从句。 本句主干为 Whorf developed the idea，that 引导同位语从句，作 idea 的同位语。Being interestedin为分词短语作原因状语。 being interested in 作原因状语，可增译“由于”，使译文逻辑关系明确。同位语从句由于较长，可以单独翻译，增译 “即”，说明本位语 idea 的内容。三个 of 介词结构作后置定语，均较短，可译为前置定语“的”。 10 【正确答案】 沃尔夫逐渐接受了某种语言决定论的观点，这种观点的极端说法是：语言禁锢了思想，语言的语法模式可以对某种社会文化产生深远的影响。【试题解析】 本句考
44、查的重点是：定语从句和宾语从句。 本句主干为 Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism，which 引导定语从句修饰linguistic determinism。定语从句主干为 which states thatand that，两个 that分别引导宾语从句，作 states 的宾语；in its strongest form 为插入语，将主语which 与谓语 states 隔开。which 引导的定语从句较长，需要单独翻译，再重复先行词。定语从句里面嵌套的宾语从句较长，可以单独翻译，并在谓语动词states 后面加
45、冒号，表明宾语的内容。 in its strongest form 作时间状语，意为“在(语言决定论) 最极端的时候”，可与 states 放在一起转译为“(语言决定论)的极端说法是”。imprison 意为“关押，监禁”，这里引申为 “束缚、禁锢”，the mind与 thought 类似，可译为“思维”。 11 【正确答案】 而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命都服从人类自己独特的想法和想像。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和非谓语动词。 此句的结构为：主句+分词短语表示伴随状态的结构：humans have the ability to modifyth
46、ussubjectingthe environment in which they live 是定语从句。该句中 modify the environment in whichthey live 应译作 “改变他们的生存环境”；subjecting all other life forms to 译为“让所有其他形态的生命服从”。 12 【正确答案】 社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句。 本句的主语是 Social science，句子则是主系表的结构，表语是 bran
47、ch。which 引导的定语从句修饰的是intellectual enquiry。在定语从句中，又嵌套着一个定语从句，manner 后的 that引导的从句修饰了 manner。因为 manner 同时连结了上下文，所以在翻译时为了句子的完整性，可以用增译的方式，用“像那些自然科学家一样”这样的句子，将前后文连接起来。 13 【正确答案】 强调搜集第一手资料，加上以跨文化的视角对过去和现在的文化形态进行分析，使这一研究成为一门独特并且非常重要的社会科学。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：过去分词作后置定语和并列结构。 句子的结构是：主干结构是一个简单句：The emphasis ， combin
48、ed with，makes this study aunique and distinctly important social science 主语后面带有 on data gathered first-hand 是主语的定语，combined with“加上”相当于 and 的意思，是对主语内容的补充，perspective 可以理解成主语的并列成分，brought to the analysis of cultures past and present 是 perspective 的定语。其中 past and present 是cultures 的定语。 14 【正确答案】 泰勒把文化
49、定义为“一个复合整体，它包括人作为社会成员所获得的信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其他的能力和习惯。”【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和并列结构。 句子的结构是：主干结构是：Tylor defined cuhure as“that complex whole”其中 whole 是“整体”的意思。后面是一个很长的定语从句，翻译时可以和先行词拆开。which 引导的定语从句中有多重并列宾语，acquired by man as a member of society 是宾语的定语。Tylor 为人名，音译为“泰勒”；defined culture as 译为“将文化定义为”：that complex whole 译为“ 一个复合体”。 15 【正确答案】 因此，人类学中“文化” 的概念就像数学中 “集”的概念一样，是一个抽象概念，它使大量的具体研究和认识成为可能。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：of 后置短语和定语从句。 句子的结构是：主干结构是：主语+插入语(like the concept of)+ 系表结构(is an abstractconcept)+which 引导的定语从句。immense amounts of concret
