1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 6 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 动物的权利问题1997 年英译汉及详解Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start.【F1】Actually,
2、it isnt, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none.【F2】Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange
3、 of duties and entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that kills somebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However, this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to an
4、imals but also to some peoplefor instance to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations. In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it, how do you reply to somebody who says “I dont like this contract“?The point is this: without agreement
5、on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals is fruitless.【F3】It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. This is a false choice
6、. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question: is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it.【F4】Arguing from the view that humans are different from animals in every relevant respect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any r
7、egard for the suffering of animals is seen as a mistakea sentimental displacement of feeling that should properly be directed to other humans.This view which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, may seem bravely “logical.“ In fact it is simply shallow: the confused c
8、enter is right to reject it. The most elementary form of moral reasoningthe ethical equivalent of learning to crawlis to weigh others interests against ones own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: without which there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough,
9、for most, to engage sympathy.【F5】When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankinds instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 能源危机及影响1991 年英译汉及详解The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been
10、officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base.【F1】The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,
11、and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.【F2】New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the times
12、past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the worlds population is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, i
13、ncluding the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion as the twenty-first century opens.【F3】The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and mark
14、eting food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be
15、 at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths.【F4】This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American
16、 fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.In fact, as food items will tend to
17、 decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavouring additives.【F5】Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food
18、“.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 男性从事“ 女性” 职业1988 年英译汉及详解Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient.Stylishly dressed, the firms newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease. The company was pleased:【F1】Clearly, t
19、his was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance. David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique.【F2】Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women. The number
20、of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they havent attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women.Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new. For the past
21、 several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education. But today no job seems off-limits. Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes.【F3】These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work
22、 men and women can dobut they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.What kinds of men venture into these so-called “womens fields“? All kinds.【F4 】“I dont know of any definite answers Id be comfortable with,“ explains Joseph Pleck
23、, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Centre for Research on Women.Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursing because the army had trained him as a medical worker.【F5】“I found that work very interesting.“ he recalled, “and when I got out of the service it ju
24、st seemed natural for me to go into something medical. I wasnt really interested in becoming a doctor.“ Thirty-five-year-old David King, an out-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles in Broadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.【F6】In other words,
25、 men enter “female“ jobs out of the same consideration for personal interest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work. But similarities often end there. Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous. As a group, their work histories differ in most respects from those of their fem
26、ale colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently by the people with whom they are in professional contact.The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine female secretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue. Most men dont want to be recept
27、ionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers. Put simply, these are not generally considered very masculine jobs.【F7】To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.“There was kidding in the beginning,“ recalls Ormont. “Kids coming from school ask what I am, and when I say A nurse, they laugh
28、at me. I just smile and say, You know, there are female doctors, too.“ Still, there are encouraging signs. Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as male nurses. Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.【F8】Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix
29、of men and womenor when the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? Its probably comingbut not very soon.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】16 【F6】17 【F7】18 【F8】18 城市对人类生活的重要性及面临的问题1987 年英译汉及详解Have there always been cities?【F1 】Life without large urban areas may seem inconceivable to
30、us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics still manage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities are increasingly becoming the dominant mode of mans social existence.【F2 】Historically, city life has always been am
31、ong the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of human endeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment.【 F3】It is virtually impossible to imagine that universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science and technology could have come into being wi
32、thout cities to support them. To most people, cities have traditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity.【F4】In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems. What has
33、happened to the modern American city? Actually, the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trend toward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave of immigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the prob
34、lem worse. During this century, there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the rich prefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and low rent districts, the “right side of town“ and the slums.Of course, every
35、one wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is no agreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinions are as diverse as the people who give them.【F5】But one basic difference of opinion concerns the question of whether or not the city
36、as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and the means of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Of course, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will.【F6】And there is also the objection that the city h
37、as always been the core from which cultural advancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easy transportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living together communally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of govern
38、ment and the communications industry?It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that the cities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do.【F7】To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of
39、those people who need them. Living conditions could not help but improve, at least for a while. But would the problems return after the rebuilding was completed?Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban areas, the problem of the cities must be solved.【F8 】From agreement on this g
40、eneral goal, we have, unfortunately, in the past proceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. At the basis of much of this inaction is an old-fashioned conceptthe idea human conditions will naturally tend to regulate themselves for the general goal.19 【F1】20 【F2】21
41、【F3】22 【F4】23 【F5】24 【F6】25 【F7】26 【F8】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 6 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的，而这种共同认识并不存在。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：非限定性定语从句的译法和关系代词的指代。 该句的主干是 it isnt，because，bec
42、ause 引导原因状语从句。it assumes that 中的 that 引导宾语从句。其中，it 指代上文中的问句，an agreed account 意为“约定的看法，共同的认识”；后面紧跟着的 which 非限制性定语从句修饰的是 an agreed account of human rights，而不仅仅是 human rights，由于非限定性定语从句与原句联系不紧密，翻译时可以根据情况，用重复先行词或用“这、这种”等代词代替先行词的方法另起一句。非限定从句中又含有一个限定性定语从句 the world does not have 修饰 something。 2 【正确答案】 有些
43、哲学家论证说，权利只存在在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的一部分。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句，固定搭配和词义的选择。 该句的主干是 Some philosophers argue that，that 引导宾语从句。其中 as 引导的介宾结构修饰 asocial contract，意为 “作为”。argue 提出观点时应译为“论证说”，而不是“争论”；social contract 在社会学意义上有固定翻译，为 “社会契约”，不应该随意另作他译；entitlements 意为“应得的权利权益”，如果不熟悉的话可以通过它与 duties(责任、义务)在文中的对照去猜测，因为与 “义
44、务”交换(exchange) 的多半是“权利”。 3 【正确答案】 这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅动物，要么完全冷漠无情。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：it 的指代，省略结构和泛指代词的翻译。 该句的主干是 It leads the discussion to extremesit invites you to think that。It 承接上文指一种观点、一种说法，所以实际可译为“这种说法”。英语中的冒号和汉语的冒号功能相似都表示下文是上文的说明。在这里，冒号表示的是 extremes 的内容。冒号后的主干部分是：it in
45、vites you to think that。that 引导的宾语从句中含有一个省略了关系代词的定语从句 humans extend to other humans 修饰consideration，此外还有一个 eitheror的并列结构，一般译成“要么要么”。注意并列结构的后一部分经常会承前省略，如：本句中的 or with no consideration at all 就是 or animals should be treatedwith no consideration at all 的省略，在翻译时为了表意清楚应翻译出来。 4 【正确答案】 这类人持极端看法，认为人与动物在各相关方
46、面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：分词作状语和同位语从句。 该句的主干是extremiststhink that。 that 后接的是宾语从句：arguing from是现在分词做原因状语，翻译的时候，“因为，由于”在不影响词义的情况下可以省略，这主要是因为汉语是意合的文字。view 后面有一同位语从句说明其内容，可以顺译(即不加任何连词另起一句)，也可以用“即”，“这就是”。(extremists)of this kind 是指“持上述观点(即 humans are different from animals in every relevantrespe
47、ct)的人。” 5 【正确答案】 这种反应并没错，这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应得到鼓励，而不应遭到嘲弄。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：状语从句和定语从句的译法。 本句的主干结构是两个复合句。When 是前一个复合句的时间状语。instinct 后面的介词短语formoral reasoning in action 是它的定语。that是定语从句，修饰先行词 an instinct，从句中的被动语态结构，表示选择。mankinds instinct for moral reasoning“人类道德观念推理的本能”，in action“ 起作用”，rather than“
48、而不”。 6 【正确答案】 意想不到的是石油供应可能随时会被突然切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需 30 年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：并列句的处理，短语、被动句的译法。 本句由两个并列分句组成：The supply of oil can be shut off，and，the oil wells will all run dry。第一个分句中 unexpectedly 和 at any time 为 shut off 的状语；第二个分句中 in thirty years or so 和 atthe present rate of use 为 run dry
49、 的状语。run dry 相当于 become dry。 well 意为“井”。in any case“无论如何”是修饰整个第二个分句的状语。 7 【正确答案】 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源廉价而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：嵌套式定语从句、嵌套式并列结构的译法。 本句主干是 but 连接的并列分句。在第一个分句中还嵌入一个 and 连接的并列句。that will everrestorepast 为定语从句，修饰名词 situation。此定语从句中又嵌套了一个定语从句 we have had in thetimes past，修饰先行词 sense。对于此类“从句套从句”的复杂句，翻译时需根据语法分析理清句中各部分的关系，然后用地道的汉语表达进行翻译。切忌过分直译造成修饰成分的堆积，从而使得表达混乱。 8 【正确答案】 食品供应的增加将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：非限制性定语从句的译法。 本句主干为 The food supply will not increase。其中 enough to结构做结果状语，译为“足以”。w
