1、考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 9 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 人类性格与行为形成的原因及影响1990 年英译汉及详解People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It is not easy to explain why one pers
2、on is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions.【F1 】They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet
3、, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is often conveniently referred to as “nature vs. nurture“.【F2】Those who support the “nature“ side of the conflict believe that our personali
4、ties and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.【 F3】That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a great d
5、egree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture“ theory, that is, they advocate education, are often called behaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist
6、, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings.【F4】The behaviorists maintain that, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic,
7、intelligence, offered by the two theories.【F5】Supporters of the “nature“ theory insist that we are born with a certain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They dont believe that factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predetermined ch
8、aracteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product of our experiences.【F6】Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater
9、 intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound.【F7 】In the United States, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature“ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites.【F8】Behavi
10、orists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】6 【F6】
11、7 【F7】8 【F8】8 技术发展给社会带来的弊端1989 年英译汉及详解When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago,【F1】she laboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour. Now she tends the computerized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at
12、 the rate of 2, 600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says the work is far less strain on her eyes.But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are no longer there. Before the new computerized equipment was introduced,
13、 there were 940 workers at the plant. Now there are 121.【F2 】A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffs only 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly half finally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI e
14、xample is only one of hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, but leave the majority of their workers behind.【F3】Its beginnings obscured by unemployment caused by the world economic slow-down, the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great
15、socio-economic challenge of the end of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of “machine job replacement“ has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now. The human costs will be astonishing.【F4 】“Its humiliating to be done out
16、 of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.“ Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of wor
17、kers.【F5】The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.【F6】The soc
18、ial costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary. that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it
19、destroys.【F7】But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done. “We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but soc
20、iety will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor,“ Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unem ployed is for now.【F8】Federally funded training and free back-to-school pro
21、grams for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.9 【F1】10 【F2】11 【F3】12 【F4】13 【F5】14 【F6】15 【F7】16 【F8】16 贝多
22、芬与勇气2014 年英译汉及详解Music means different things to different people and sometimes even different things to the same person at different moments of his life. It might be poetic, philosophical, sensual, or mathematical, but in any case it must, in my view, have something to do with the soul of the human
23、being. Hence it is metaphysical; but the means of expression is purely and exclusively physical: sound. I believe it is precisely this permanent coexistence of metaphysical message through physical means that is the strength of music.【F1】It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with w
24、ords, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself.Beethovens importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions. He freed music from hitherto prevailing conventions of harmony and structure. Sometimes I feel in his late wo
25、rks a will to break all signs of continuity. The music is abrupt and seemingly disconnected, as in the last piano sonata. In musical expression, he did not feel restrained by the weight of convention.【F2 】By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essen
26、tial quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.This courageous attitude in fact becomes a requirement for the performers of Beethoven s music. His compositions demand the performer to show courage, for example in the use of dynamics.【F3】Beethovens habit of increasing the
27、 volume with an extreme intensity and then abruptly following it with a sudden soft passage was only rarely used by composers before him.Beethoven was a deeply political man in the broadest sense of the word. He was not interested in daily politics, but concerned with questions of moral behavior and
28、 the larger questions of right and wrong affecting the entire society.【F4 】Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.Beethovens music tends to move
29、from chaos to order as if order were an imperative of human existence. For him, order does not result from forgetting or ignoring the disorders that plague our existence; order is a necessary development, an improvement that may lead to the Greek ideal of spiritual elevation. It is not by chance tha
30、t the Funeral March is not the last movement of the Eroica Symphony, but the second, so that suffering does not have the last word.【F5】One could interpret much of the work of Beethoven by saying that suffering; is inevitable, but the courage to fight it renders life worth living.17 【F1】18 【F2】19 【F3
31、】20 【F4】21 【F5】考研英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 9 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 1 【正确答案】 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句。 explain 后是 why 引导的宾语从句，从句中的主语是 we，谓语分别是 possess 和 exhibit，由连词 and 连接。其中possess“拥
32、有”characteristics“特征”在这里指性格特征。 2 【正确答案】 在这场争论中，赞成“先天论” 一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式在很大程度上是由生物因素所决定的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和定语从句。 本句是一个复合句子，those 是主语，后面是 who 引导的定语从句。所以翻译时可以将 who 引导的定语成分放在修饰语 those 前。believe 是 those 的谓语，推出本句的大结构应为 “某(些)人相信某事”或“某(些) 人认为某事是正确的”。that 后引导的是宾语从句，宾语从句中的谓语部分为 are determined，此处谓语部分为被
33、动语态，可以翻译成 “被所”结构。 3 【正确答案】 这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和动词词组。 句子的主干是一个由that 引导的主语从句，关于主语从句，我们直接把它翻译出来，后面再加上句子的谓语。这里 if anything 是插入语，可以翻译成“如果和有一些联系的话”而从句的主语是 ourenvironment，is central to this theory 则是整个句子的谓语。 4 【正确答案】 行为主义者坚信，人像机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础。【试题解析】
34、本句考查的重点是：宾语从句。 本句的主语是 behaviorists，谓语是 maintains，而 that 引导的是一个宾语从句。like machines 是一个插入语，直译成“就像机器一样”即可。从句中的主体是“humans respond to environment stimuli”“asthe basis of” 是一个介词词组，意为“ 是的基础”。但本从句前半部分太长，直接放在基础前会显得头重脚轻，所以可以先译出前半部分，再在后面补充说明“这是的基础”。 5 【正确答案】 支持“ 先天论 ”的人坚持说，我们生来就具有一定的学习才能，这是由生物因素决定的。【试题解析】 本句考查的
35、重点是：定语从句和被动语态。 本句的主语是supporters，of 介词短语作 supporters 的定语限定了主语。that 引导的定语从句引出了 insist 的内容。“be born with”的意思是“生来就有天生就有”。learning后的 that 引导的是对 capacity 的定语从句，意为这种能力是由生理因素决定的。be determined 在这里是对被动语态的考察。6 【正确答案】 行为主义者的看法是，如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更好的智力发展。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和定语从句
36、。 整个句子是一个复合句，本句的主干是 behaviorists suggest，而 suggest 的内容则在由 that 导出的定语从句中。后面的从句中，the child 是主语，本从句中同时嵌套了三个从句：who 引导的定语从句修饰 child，where 引导的定语从句修饰 environment，还有 which 引导的定语从句来修饰 stimuli。从 will experience 开始是整个宾语从句的谓语，宾语从句的主体结构是“孩子们会有更好的体验发展成长”。7 【正确答案】 在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：词义的引申和介词搭
37、配。 本句中，In the United States 可直译为“在美国”。后面的句子中，blacks 和 whites 不是黑色和白色的意思，而是代表着白人和黑人。score 是本句的谓语，意为得分。而 on 引导的介词短语则引出了 score 的范围即黑人到底在哪个领域上输给了白人。8 【正确答案】 相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其他环境方面所享有的许多有利条件。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和动词的固定搭配。 本句的主干是behaviorists say，in contrast，为插入结构。say 后的 that 引导的是一个宾语从句，引出
38、say 的内容。而 fact 后的 that 引导的是同位语从句，that 后的内容就是 fact的内容。advantages 后的 that 引导的是定语从句，来修饰 advantages。be due to意为“归因于”，be deprived of 是一个被动语态，源于 deprive sbof sth，意为“剥夺某人的”。 9 【正确答案】 她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好 18 个。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：伴随状语和动词词组。 本句的主语是 she，谓语为 laboured over 和 turned out，由连词连接。hand-weldin
39、g 在这里是一个伴随状语，表示她伏在显微镜前的同时，在用手焊接微型电子计算机。turn out 在这里是“生产出”的意思，18 即生产出的数量。per hour 是固定搭配，表示“每小时”。 10 【正确答案】 一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，一年后被解雇的工人中只有 38的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和介词短语。 本句的主语是survey，plant 和 followup 均用来修饰 survey。 showed 是整个句子的谓语，showed 后的 that 引导的宾语从句是 show 的内容，也就是 survey 的一个结果。one year
40、after the layoffs 在这里是一个时间状语，表示“退休一年后”。宾语从句中的主语是“30 of the released workers”，谓语是 found。at 引导的介词短语意为“以同样或更高的工资水平”。 11 【正确答案】 它(新技术的采用导致失业率上升)一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到 20 世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：独立主格。 Its beginnings 引导的是一个独立主格，obscured 修饰的是 beginnings，而 caused 修饰的是 unemployment。后
41、面的 the new technological unemployment 才是真正的主语，emerge 后的 as 意为“作为”。这里讲的是一个事情的两个方面，一个是它的开始，一个是它对未来可能的影响。 12 【正确答案】 被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新工作。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：主语从句和 there be 句型。 本部分由三个句子组成，由连词 and 和 but 连接。第一句话 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 be doneout of your job by a machine，真正让人感到耻辱就是这件事。第二句话中“
42、there is no way to do”的搭配意为“没办法做”。第三句话是一个强调句，把 it is和 that 删去后是句子原本的结构，即 the effort tofind a new job that really hurts。 13 【正确答案】 老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：非谓语。 本句的主语是 the old workers，trapped 是过去分词作后置定语，源于 sbbe trapped，可译为“被所牵制阻碍”。regain 在这里是的谓语。而宾语是 their old status and
43、 employment。14 【正确答案】 失业问题要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：非谓语。 本句的主语是 the social costs，后面紧跟谓语 go far beyond，而 welfare 和 unemployment 是并列的宾语，由 and 连接在一起。payments 后的 made 是过去分词做后置定语，by 则给出了 made 的主体，就是 government。本句的难点是要根据上下文增译出“的社会代价”。15 【正确答案】 但是未来学家海曼西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力数量将出现一个简单而直接
44、的净减数。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和 there be 句型。 该句的主干为 But futurologist Hymen Seymour says，后面部分为省略了关系代词 that 的宾语从句。该从句的主干为 the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means，后面部分也为省略了关系代词 that 的宾语从句。该从句的主干为 there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of humanlabor，定语从句 that needs to be
45、 done修饰名词 human labor.16 【正确答案】 为失业工人提供的由联邦政府资助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有人认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐。【试题解析】 本部分考查的重点是：宾语从句。 本部分有两个句子，由连词 but连接。第一句中的主语是 training 和 program，整个句子是主系表结构，表语是under way，意为“在进行中”，也就是这个训练和这个计划目前都是在进行中的。后一句 but 转折，few experts 为主语，believe 后是一个省略了 that 的宾语从句，引出 believe 的内容。从句中 ke
46、ep up with 意为“赶上”。 17 【正确答案】 这也是为什么当我们去尝试用语言描述音乐时，我们能做的也仅仅是描述我们对音乐的感受，而无法理解音乐本身。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：定语从句和时间状语从句。 该句的主干部分是It is also the reason，why 引导一个修饰 the reason 的定语从句。定语从句的主干是 all we can do ismusic itself，本句主语中由于含有 do，所以省略了不定式符号to。our reactions 之后 to it 为其定语，其中 it 指代的是 music。when 引导的一个时间状语从句嵌套在这个定语从
47、句中。 18 【正确答案】 人人都觉得他是一个思想自由的人，也是一个有勇气的人。而在我看来，勇气这一特质是一个人理解贝多芬作品的关键，更不必说是演奏其作品的关键。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：and 连接的并列句和宾语补足语。 本句是一个由 and 连接的并列句。“he was a freethinking person，and a courageous one”是句子的主干。第二个分句的主干为 I find courage an essential quality，其中 an essential quality 是宾语补足语。 “for the understanding of his w
48、ork”为 quality 的定语，let alone 后面的内容表递进，意为 “更不用说了”。by all accounts 为固定搭配，意思是“人人说”、“大家说”。 19 【正确答案】 贝多芬有个习惯，在一段响度很高的强劲旋律后，接下来他会很突兀地转到一段轻柔的旋律，而在贝多芬之前，很少作曲家会这样做。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：介词短语作定语和被动句。 本句的主干为Beethovens habit was rarely used by composers before him。从 of 到 passage 都是of 引导的定语，修饰的是 habit，即解释贝多芬的习惯到底是怎样的。
49、在 of 引导的定语中，increasing 和 following 是并列的，这两个动词引导的内容构成对比。本句其实是一个被动句，by 是一个很明显的关键信号。 20 【正确答案】 他对自由的看法尤其重要，对贝多芬来说，自由是与个人的权利和责任相联系的：贝多芬提倡思想自由和个人表达自由。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：倒装句和插入语。 本句是一个完全倒装句，主干部分的顺序其实是 His view of freedom was especially significant。which 引导的是一个定语从句，修饰的是 freedom 的具体内容。 for him 是一个插入语。individual 后的冒号引出的是对贝多芬自由思想的补充说明。 21 【正确答案】 人们可以这样诠释贝多芬的大部分作品：苦难是不可避免的，但正是和苦难战斗的勇气给了我们生存的意义。【试题解析】 本句考查的重点是：宾语从句和固定词组。 本句有两个独立分句，第一个分句的主干是 one could interpret much of the work，by saying 后面的 that引导的是一个宾语从句，引出的就是 saying 的内容。第二个分句的主干是 the courage renders life，其中 worth li
