1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 34 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】It is the worlds fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice, which provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wid
2、er range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato.The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to alleviate
3、 poverty, improve food security and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that.【F2】But the potatos unusual history means it is well worth celebrating by readers of The Economist because the potato is intertwined with economic development, trade liberal
4、isation and globalisation.Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in t
5、he north of England, as people there specialised in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south(where the soil was more suitable)concentrated on wheat production.【F3】By a happy accident, this concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, an
6、d a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its “historically revolutionary role“.The potato promoted free trade by contributing to the abolition of Britains Corn Lawsthe cause which prompted
7、 the founding of The Economist in 1843. The Corn Laws restricted imports of grain into the United Kingdom in order to protect domestic wheat producers.【F4】Landowners supported the laws, since cheap imported grain would reduce their income, but industrialists opposed them because imports would drive
8、down the cost of food, allowing people to spend more on manufactured goods. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abolitionand more s the pity. It was the tragedy of the Irish potato famine of 1845, in which 1 million Irish perished when the pot
9、ato crop on which they subsisted succumbed to blight.【F5 】The need to import grain to relieve the situation in Ireland forced the government, which was dominated by landowners who backed the Corn Laws, to reverse its position. This paved the way for liberalisation in other areas, and free trade beca
10、me British policy. As the Duke of Wellington complained at the time, “rotten potatoes have done it all.“1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Economics, as we know it, is the social science concerned with the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. Economists focus on th
11、e way in which individuals, groups, business enterprises, and governments seek to achieve efficiently any economic objective they select.【F1】Other fields of study also contribute to this knowledge: Psychology and ethics try to explain how objectives are formed, history records changes in human objec
12、tives, and sociology interprets human behavior in social contexts.Standard economics can be divided into two major fields.【F2】The first, price theory or microeconomics, explains how the interplay of supply and demand in competitive markets creates a multitude of individual prices, wage rates, profit
13、 margins, and rental changes. Microeconomics assumes that people behave rationally. Consumers try to spend their income in ways that give them as much pleasure as possible. As e-conomists say, they maximize utility. For their part, entrepreneurs seek as much profit as they can extract from their ope
14、rations.The second field, macroeconomics, deals with modern explanations of national income and employment. Macroeconomics dates from the book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money(1935), by the British economist John Maynard Keynes. His explanation of prosperity and depression cent
15、ers on the total or aggregate demand for goods and services by consumers, business investors, and governments.【F3】Because, according to Keynes, inadequate total demand increases unemployment, the indicated cure is either more investment by businesses or more spending and consequently larger budget d
16、eficits by government.Economic issues have occupied peoples minds throughout the ages.【F4】Aristotle and Plato in ancient Greece wrote about problems of wealth, property, and trade, both of whom were prejudiced against commerce, feeling that to live by trade was undesirable. The Romans borrowed their
17、 economic ideas from the Greeks and showed the same contempt for trade.【F5】During the Middle Ages the economic ideas of the Roman Catholic church were expressed in the law of the church, which condemned the taking of interest for money loaned and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.Economic
18、s as a subject of modern study, distinguishable from moral philosophy and politics, dates from the work, Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations(1776), by the Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith. Mercantilism and physiocracy were precursors of the classical economics of
19、 Smith and his 19th-century successors.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 【F1】A leaked study examining genetically-modified corn reveals that the lab-made alternative to organic crops contains a startling level of toxic chemicals.【F2】An anti-GMO website has posted the results of an education-based co
20、nsulting companys comparison of corn types, and the results reveal that genetically modified foods may be more hazardous than once thought.The study, the 2012 Corn Comparison Report by Profit Pro, was published recently on the website for Moms Across America March to Label GMOs, a group that says th
21、ey wish to “raise awareness and support Moms with solutions to eat GMO Free as we demand GMO labeling locally and nationally simultaneously.“ They are plotting nationwide protests scheduled for later this year.The report, writes the websites Zen Honeycutt, was provided by a representative for De Del
22、l Seed Company, an Ontario-based farm thats touted as being Canadian only non-GMO corn seed company. “The claims that There is no difference between GMO corn and NON Gmo corn are false,“ says Honeycutt, who adds she was “floored“ after reading the study. According to the analysis, GMO corn tested by
23、 Profit Pro contains a number of elements absent from traditional corn, including chlorides, formaldehyde and glyphosate.【 F3】While those elements dont appear naturally in corn, they were present in GMO samples to the tune of 60 ppm, 200 ppm and 13 ppm, respectively.Honecutt says that the United Sta
24、tes Environmental Protection Agency(FDA)mandates that the level of glyphosate in American drinking water not exceed 0.7 ppm and adds that organ damage in some animals has been linked to glyphosate exposure exceeding 0.1 ppm. “Glyphosate is a strong organic phosphate chelator that immobilizes positiv
25、ely charged minerals such as manganese, cobalt, iron, zinc and copper.“【F4 】Dr. Don Huber attested during a separate GMO study recently released, adding that those elements “are essential for normal physiological functions in soils, plants and animals“. “Glyphosate draws out the vital nutrients of l
26、iving things and GMO corn is covered with it.“ adds Honeycutt, who notes that the nutritional benefits rampant in natural corn are almost entirely removed from lab-made seeds:【F5】in the samples used during the study, non-GMO corn is alleged to have 437-times the amount of calcium in genetically modi
27、fied versions, and 56-and 7-times the level of magnesium and manganese, respectively.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 The old adage of the title has a parallel in the scientific world “all research leads to biomedical advances“. The fact that research in one discipline contributes to another is
28、 well understood by the scientific community. It is not, however, so clear to the public or to public policy-makers.【 F1】Because public support for funding of biomedical research is strong, the scientific community could build a more effective case for public support of all science by articulating h
29、ow research in other disciplines benefits biological medicine.The time is ripe to improve public appreciation of science. A recent National Science Foundation survey suggested that Americans continue to support research expenditures. In addition, public opinion polls indicate that scientists and sci
30、ence leaders enjoy enviably high public esteems.【F2】Instead of lamenting; the lack of public understanding of science, we can work to enhance public appreciation of scientific research by showing how investigations are in many areas close-knit and contribute to biomedical advances. A crucial task is
31、 to convey to the public, in easily understood terms, the specific benefits and the overall good that result from research in all areas of science.【F3】Take, for example, agricultural research. On the surface, it may appear to have made few significant contributions to biomedical advances, except tho
32、se directly related to human nutrition. This view is incorrect, however. In the case of nutrition, the connections between agricultural and biomedical research are best exemplified by the vitamin discoveries.【F4 】At the turn of the century, when the concept of vitamins had not yet surfaced and nutri
33、tion as a scientific discipline did not exist, it was in a department of agricultural chemistry that the first true demonstration of vitamins was made. Single-grain feeding experiments documented the roles of vitamins A and B. The essential role of some minerals(iron and copper)was shown later, and
34、these discoveries provided the basis of modern human nutrition research.【F5】Despite such direct links, however, it is the latest discoveries that have been made in agricultural research that reveal its true importance to biomedicine. Life-saving antibiotics such as streptomycin were discovered in so
35、il microorganisms. The first embryo transplant was made in a dairy cow, and related research led to advances in the understanding of human reproduction.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 34 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmen
36、ts into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 在世界的粮食作物中，它的重要性仅次于玉米、小麦和稻谷。与其他农作物相比，它能够提供更多的热量，生长速度更快，而所占土地面积却比它们要少，适宜它生长的气候条件也更广。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 但是马铃薯不寻常的历史意味着它非常值得经济学人读者们赞美因为马铃薯的历史与经济发展、贸易自由化及全球化是交织在一起的。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 完全巧合的是，这使得工业集中在这个煤炭资源丰富的地区，而马铃薯养活的大批人口又为新的工厂提供了充足的劳动力。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 土
37、地拥有者支持这项法律，因为便宜的进口粮食会让他们的收入减少，但工厂主则反对这项法律，因为进口会让食品价格降低，这样人们就会把更多的钱花在工业产品上。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 爱尔兰需要进口粮食来缓解灾情，这迫使由支持谷物法的土地拥有者组成的政府不得不改弦易辙。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 其他领域的研究也有助于对此的理解：心理学和伦理学试图解释目标是如何形成的，历史记录着人们所追求的目标的变化，社会学则从社会环境的角度来解释人们的行为。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 第一个领域，价格理论或微观经济学，解释在竞争的市场中供需间的相互作用是怎样导致了大量
38、的个别价格、工资率、利润空间和租金的变化。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 因为，按照凯恩斯的理论，不充分的总体需求会增加失业，建议的解决方式是扩大企业投资或增加政府开支，继而增加预算赤字。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 古希腊的亚里士多德和柏拉图都在著作中谈到财富、财产和贸易问题，两人都对商业持有偏见。认为靠生意来谋生是不足取的。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 在中世纪，罗马天主教会的经济学思想表达在其教法中，教法谴责从借贷中获利的行为，并认为商业地位劣于农业。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 一项被泄漏出来的检测转基因玉米的研究揭示，实验室造出的有
39、机玉米替代品中的有毒化学物质含量惊人。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 一家反转基因食品网站已经上传了某教育型咨询公司对两种玉米的比较结果，结果揭示转基因食品的危害可能比人们先前认为的更大。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 天然玉米中不含这些物质，但在转基因玉米的样品中，这几种物质的含量却分别高达百万分之六十、百万分之二百和百万分之十三。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 胡贝尔博士(在这个独立转基因研究报告中)还补充道，这些化学元素“对于土壤、植物和动物的正常生理机能至关重要” 。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 在研究所用的样品中，据称非转基因玉米中的钙含量是转基因玉
40、米的 437 倍，镁含量和锰含量也分别是转基因玉米的 56 倍和 7 倍。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 因为公众对资助生物医学研究的支持很大，科学界需要通过宣传其他学科的研究如何有利于生物医学的发展，才可能很有效地向公众证明其支持所有学科的理由。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 我们不应该因为公众对科学缺乏理解而伤感。我们能够向公众展示各个研究领域的密切关系和对生物医学进步的作用，从而努力提高公众对科学研究的认识。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 以农业研究为例。表面上看，除了与人类营养直接相关的方面以外，农业研究对生物医学的发展几乎没有做出什么显著的贡献。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 本世纪初，维生素的概念还未出现，营养学还未作为一门科学存在的时候，恰好是在农业化学部门中第一次真正地证实了维生素的存在。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 但是，尽管有这样的直接联系，正是在农业研究中已取得的最新发现才揭示了该研究对于生物医学的重要性。 【知识模块】 翻译
