1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 39 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as steering the economy to a soft landing or a touch on the brakes, makes itself sound like
2、 a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy.【F2】Hence there is an analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car wi
3、th a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearview mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years,
4、before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas in
5、flation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole.【F3】In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year, this is no flash in the pan; over the
6、past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.【F4】Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the linked States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have li
7、ttle productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate(5.6% in August)has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off on the past.Why has inflation proved
8、so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective.【F5 】Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】The va
9、lue which society places on work has traditionally been closely associated with the value of individualism and as a result it has had negative effects on the development of social security. It has meant that in the first place the amount of benefits must be small lest people s willingness to work an
10、d support themselves suffers. Even today with flat rate and earnings-related benefits, the total amount of the benefit must always be smaller than the persons wages for fear of malingering.“The purpose of social security,“ said Huntford referring to Swedens comparatively generous benefits, “is to di
11、spel need without crossing the threshold of prosperity.“ Second, social security benefits are granted under conditions designed to reduce the likelihood of even the boldest of spirits attempting to live on the State rather than work. Many of the rules surrounding the payment of unemployment or suppl
12、ementary benefit are for this purpose. Third, the value placed on work is manifested in a more positive way as in the case of disability.【F2】People suffering from accidents incurred at work or from occupational diseases receive preferential treatment by the social security service compared with thos
13、e suffering from civil accidents and ordinary illnesses.Yet, the stranglehold which work has had on the social security service has been increasingly loosened over the years. The provision of family allowances, family income supplements, the slight liberalization of the wages stop are some of the ma
14、nifestations of this trend.【F3】Similarly, the preferential treatment given to occupational disability by the social security service has been increasingly questioned with the demands for the upgrading of benefits for the other types of disability. It is felt that in contemporary industrial societies
15、 the distinction between occupational and non-occupational disability is artificial for many non-occupational forms of disability have an industrial origin even if they do not occur directly in the workplace.【F4】There is also the additional reason which we mentioned in the argument for one benefit f
16、or all one-parent families, that a modern social security service must concentrate on meeting needs irrespective of the cause behind such needs.The relationship between social security and work is not all a one-way affair.【F5】It is true that until very recently the general view was that social secur
17、ity “represented a type of luxury and was essentially anti-economic.“ It was seen as merely government expenditure for the needy. As we saw, however, redundancy payments and earnings-related unemployment benefits have been used with some success by employers and the government to reduce workers oppo
18、sition towards loss of their jobs.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 Gandhis pacifism can be separated to some extent from his other teachings.【F1 】Its motive was religious, but he claimed also for it that it was a definitive technique, a method, capable of producing desired political results.【 F2】Ga
19、ndhis attitude was not that of most Western pacifists. Satyagraha, the method Gandhi proposed and practiced, first evolved in South Africa, was a sort of non-violent warfare, a way of defeating the enemy without hurting him and without feeling or arousing hatred. It entailed such things as civil dis
20、obedience, strikes, lying down in front of railway trains, enduring police charges without running away and without hitting back, and the like. Gandhi objected to “passive resistance“ as a translation of Satyagraha: in Gujarati, it seems, the word means “firmness in the truth“.【F3】In his early days
21、Gandhi served as a stretcher-bearer on the British side in the Boer War, and he was prepared to do the same again in the war of 1914-1918, even after he had completely abjured violence he was honest enough to see that in war it is usually necessary to take sides.【F4】Since his whole political life ce
22、ntred round a struggle for national independence, he could not and, indeed, he did not take the sterile and dishonest line of pretending that in every war both sides are exactly the same and it makes no difference who wins. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward ques
23、tions.In relation to the late war, one question that every pacifist had a clear obligation to answer was: “What about the Jews? Are you prepared to see them exterminated? If not, how do you propose to save them without resorting to war?“【F5】I must say that I have never heard, from any Western pacifi
24、st, an honest answer to this question, though I have heard plenty of evasions, usually of the “youre another“ type. But it so happens that Gandhi was asked a somewhat similar question in 1938 and that his answer is on record in Mr. Louis Fischer s Gandhi and Stalin. According to Mr. Fischer, Gandhi
25、s view was that the German Jews ought to commit collective suicide, which “would have aroused the world and the people of Germany to Hitlers violence.“11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Picture-taking is a technique both for reflecting the objective world and for expressing the singular self. Pho
26、tographs depict objective realities that already exist, though only the camera can disclose them. And they depict an individual photographers temperament, discovering itself through the cameras cropping of reality.【F1 】That is, photography has two directly opposite ideals: in the first, photography
27、is about the world and the photographer is a mere observer who counts for little; but in the second, photography is the instrument of fearlessness, questing subjectivity and the photographer is all.【F2】These conflicting ideals arise from uneasiness on the part of both photographers and viewers of ph
28、otographs toward the aggressive component in “taking“ a picture. Accordingly, the ideal of a photographer as observer is attracting because it implicitly denies that picture-taking is an aggressive act. The issue, of course, is not so clear-cut. What photographers do cannot be characterized as simpl
29、y predatory or as simply, and essentially, benevolent. As a consequence, one ideal of picture-taking or the other is always being rediscovered and championed.An important result of the coexistence of these two ideals is a recurrent ambivalence toward photography s means.【F3】Whatever are the claims t
30、hat photography might make to be a form of personal expression just like painting, its originality is closely linked to the power of a machine. The steady growth of these powers has made possible the extraordinary informativeness and imaginative formal beauty of many photographs, like Harold Edgerto
31、ns high-speed photographs of a bullet hitting its target or of the swirls and eddies of a tennis stroke.【F4】But as cameras become more sophisticated, more automated, some photographers are tempted to disarm themselves or to suggest that they are not really armed, preferring to submit themselves to t
32、he limit imposed by pre-modern camera technology because a cruder, less high-powered machine is thought to give more interesting or emotive results, to leave more room for creative accident. For example, it has been virtually a point of honor for many photographers, including Walker Evans and Cartie
33、r Bresson, to refuse to use modern equipment. These photographers have come to doubt the value of the camera as an instrument of “fast seeing“. Cartier Bresson, in fact, claims that the modern camera may see too fast.This ambivalence toward photographic means determines trends in taste. The cult of
34、the future(of faster and faster seeing)alternates over time with the wish to return to a purer past when images had a handmade quality.【F5】This longing for some primitive state of the photographic enterprise is currently widespread and underlies the present-day enthusiasm for daguerreotypes and the
35、work of forgotten nineteenth-century provincial photographers. Photographers and viewers of photographs, it seems, need periodically to resist their own knowingness.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 39 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the unde
36、rlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 有很多用来描述货币政策的词汇，如引导经济软着陆，触动经济刹车，听起来像是一门精确的科学。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 因此这样的类比(就如同)把执行货币政策比作驾驶着一辆涂黑了挡风玻璃，打碎了后视镜，并且方向盘无法正常工作的汽车。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 去年年底，英国和日本的通货膨胀率实际上比预测的要低半个百分点。这不是昙花一现，在过去几年里，英国和美国的通货膨胀率始终低干预测水平。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率感到
37、特别诧异，因为传统的计量方法表明两国经济，特别是美国经济几乎没有生产萧条的时候。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 一些经济学家认为，世界经济结构强有力的变化已经推翻了那个以经济增长和通货膨胀之间的历史关联为基础的旧的经济模式。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 传统上，社会赋予工作的价值一直与个人主义价值紧密相连。因此，这对社会保障的发展产生了负面的影响。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 与那些遭受个人意外和忍受普通疾病折磨的人相比，因公受伤或者患有职业病的人在社会保障服务方面享有优待。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 同样，社会保障服务给予职业伤残的优惠待遇越
38、来越多地受到了质疑，人们要求提高对其他类型伤残的救济。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 此外，还有一个我们在讨论单亲家庭救济问题时所提及的理由即一个现代的社会保障服务必须专注于满足需求，不管这些需求的背后有何原因。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 诚然，直到最近，普遍的观点依然认为社会保障“体现的是一种享受，从本质上讲是反经济的”。它仅仅被看作是政府用于贫困群体的开支。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 其动机是宗教性质的，但他也说这是一种明显的技巧、一种方法，它可以产生预期的政治效果。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 甘地的态度不同于大多数西方和平主义者
39、的态度。Satyagraha这个由甘地提出并付诸实践的方法，最早起源于南非，是一种非暴力的斗争方式，用既不伤害对方又不会引发仇恨的手段打败敌人。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 早年间，在布尔战争期间甘地曾经为英方抬过担架，而且在1914191 8 年战争期间他又准备这么做，即使在他彻底放弃暴力之后，他仍然很诚实地认识到在战争中必须要有明确的立场。 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 由于他的整个政治生涯都在为民族独立而斗争，因此他不能，而且他也确实没有采取毫无意义的、不诚实的态度，假装说在所有战争中参战双方完全一样，因而谁获得胜利都无所谓。 【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 我必
40、须说，我从未从任何一个西方和平主义者那里听到过对该问题的诚实的答复，但是却听大了大量的躲闪之词，通常都是“你是另外一回事” 之类的回答。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 那就是说，摄影包含两个直接对立的观念：第一，摄影是反映世界的，摄影者只不过是一个无足轻重的观察者：但是，第二，摄影是探索主观性的无畏工具，摄影者决定一切。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 这两个相互冲突的观念源自摄影者和摄影鉴赏者对“照” 相过程中的闯劲所表现出来的不安心情。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 不论摄影可能成为一种同绘画一样的个性表现的论断正确与否，摄影的独创性总是同照相机的机械能力密切相连的。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 但是当照相机变得越来越高级，越来越自动化时，有些摄影者很不想用这种照相机，或者暗示实际上不用这种照相机，而宁愿用现代化以前的照相技术。因为粗制的、较差的照相机械被认为能得到更有趣、更动人的效果，给创造活动留有更大的余地。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 这种对某些早期摄影业的怀旧情绪目前正广泛流行。这就是目前热衷于银板照相法和被遗忘的 19 世纪地方摄影师的作品的原因。 【知识模块】 翻译
