1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 55 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】Any discussion of the American educational system would be less than complete if it did not mention the emphasis that many colleges and universities pl
2、ace upon the nonacademic, social, “extracurricular“ aspect of education, often defined as personal growth. Perhaps a useful way of viewing the notion of personal growth would be to picture the very large and general term “education“as being all-embracing, including as subsets within it academic and
3、nonacademic components.This may be one of the most difficult concepts to convey to someone who is not intimately familiar with American higher education. Few educational systems in other countries place the same emphasis on this blend of academic and personal education. The majority of colleges and
4、universities in the United States make some attempt to integrate personal and intellectual growth in the undergraduate years.【F2 】If the ultimate goal of undergraduate education in America were simply to convey a set body of knowledge, the term of studies could undoubtedly be reduced. Yet the terms
5、of studies are extended in order to give students a chance to grow and develop in other ways.Numerous opportunities are made available to students to become involved in sports, student government, musical and dramatic organizations, and countless other organized and individual activities designed to
6、 enhance ones personal growth and provide some recreation and enjoyment outside of the classroom.【 F3】Experience with campus organizations and off-campus community involvement can be highly valuable in preparing international students for future leadership in their professional field upon their retu
7、rn home.The typical American colleges support for extracurricular activity is perhaps unique in the world. This special educational dimension, beyond the classroom and laboratory experience, does not mean that extracurricular participation is required to gain an American degree.【F4 】It remains an en
8、tirely optional activity, but it is noted here because Americans have traditionally viewed success in ones role as a citizen as closely linked to a “well-rounded“ life that incorporates a variety of social, athletic, and cultural activities into a persons experience.A great many American campuses an
9、d communities have organized special extracurricular activities for students from other countries.【F5】On most campuses, one can find an international club, which includes Americans, where students can get to know and learn socially from students from other countries, as well as Americans. Internatio
10、nal students are almost always invited, through organized hospitality activities, into the homes of Americans living in or outside the academic community.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 Half of the worlds population will be speaking or learning English by 2015, researchers say. Two billion people ar
11、e expected to start learning English within a decade and three billion will speak it, says a British Council estimate.Other languages, such as French, risk becoming the casualties of this “linguistic globalization“.【F1 】But the boom will be over by 2050 and the English language teaching industry wil
12、l have become a victim of its own success, says David Graddol, author of the report, The Future of English.Mr. Graddols research was based on a computer model developed to estimate demand for English language teaching around the world.【F2】The lecturer, who has worked in education and language studie
13、s at the Open University for the past 25 years, said the model charted likely student numbers through to 2050. It was compiled by looking at various estimates from the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)on education provision, demographic projections, government ed
14、ucation policies and international student mobility figures.【F3】The impact of educational innovations and other developments affecting the world population including the Chinese governments policy of one baby per family were also factored in.Based on its findings, Mr. Graddol has predicted that the
15、world is about to be hit by a tidal wave of English. “Many governments, especially in countries which have relatively recently gained independence, are introducing the teaching of English under a utilitarian banner.“ “But English predominates in the business world, and for such countries to be able
16、to compete for work, including profitable outsourcing contracts, English is being pushed heavily from kindergarten on.“ Even maths and science are being taught in English at secondary schools in Malaysia.【F4】But demand for English teaching would drop as children progress through academia, and more u
17、niversities across the world choose to teach in the language. Mr. Graddol also estimated that the boom would be over by 2050.“English-language students will be down from two billion to 500 million then,“ he said, “Increasingly, as English spread across the globe, more people will become bilingual, e
18、ven multi-lingual and such skills are highly prized in business. But Britain has not got the best reputation for learning other languages.“【F5】The report also showed that English was not the only language spreading, and the world, far from being dominated by English, was to become more multi-lingual
19、. Mr. Graddol said, “Chinese, Arabic and Spanish are all popular, and likely to be languages of the future.“6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 The word Renaissance has of late years received a more extended significance than that which is implied in our English equivalentthe Revival of learning. We u
20、se it to denote the whole transition from the Middle Ages to the modern world;【F1】though it is possible to assign certain limits to the period during which this transition took place, we cannot fix on any dates so positively as to say between this year and that the movement was accomplished. To do s
21、o would be like trying to name the days on which spring in any particular season began and ended. The evolution has not been completed.In like manner we cannot refer the whole phenomena of the Renaissance to any one cause or circumstance, or limit them within the field of any one department of human
22、 knowledge.【F2 】Students of literature and philosophy see in the Renaissance that discovery of manuscripts, that progress in philology and criticism, which led to a correct knowledge of the classics, to a fresh taste in poetry, to new systems of thought, to more accurate analysis, and finally to the
23、 emancipation of the conscience. Men of science will discourse about the discovery of the solar system by Copernicus and Galileo, the anatomy of Vesalius. Men whose attention has been turned to the history of discoveries and inventions will point to the benefits conferred upon the world by the arts
24、of printing and engraving, by the compass and the telescope.【F3 】They will insist that at the moment of the Renaissance all the instruments of mechanical utility started into existence, to aid the dissolution of what was rotten and must perish, to strengthen and perpetuate the new and useful and lif
25、e-giving.Yet neither any one of these answers, taken separately, nor indeed all of them together, will offer a solution of the problem.【F4】By the term “renaissance,“ or new birth, is indicated a natural movement, not to be explained by this or that characteristic, but to be accepted as an effort of
26、humanity in the onward progress in which we still participate. The history of the Renaissance is not the history of arts or of sciences or of literature or even of nations.【F5 】It is the history of the attainment of self-conscious freedom by the human spirit manifested in the European races.11 【F1】1
27、2 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 【F1】Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things physical objects that can be seen, held, felt, usedthat a culture produces. Examining a cultures tools and technology can tell us about the groups history and way of life. Similarly, research into the materi
28、al culture of music can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things“ in it, of course, are musical instruments.【F2】We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musical performance before the 1870s when the phonograph was invented, so we rely on instruments for imp
29、ortant information about music-cultures in the remote past and their development. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instruments pictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and so on, we can explore the movement of music
30、 from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago, or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the development of most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk music-cult
31、ures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but research shows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe, Britain and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yet they stimul
32、ate people to create new and different songs.【F3】Besides, the ability to read music notation has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on the music-culture as a whole.Music is deep-rooted in the cultural background that fosters it. We now pay more and more attention to
33、traditional or ethnic features in folk music and are willing to preserve the folk music as we do with many traditional cultural heritage. Musicians all over the world are busy with recording classic music in their country for the sake of their unique culture.【F4】 As always, peoples aspiration will a
34、lways focus on their individuality rather than universal features that are shared by all cultures alike.【F5】One more important part of musics material culture should be singled out: the influence of the electronic mediaradio, record player, tape recorder, and television, with the future promising ta
35、lking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of the “information-revolution“, a twentieth century phenomenon as important as the industrial revolution in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations; they have affected music-cultures all over
36、the globe.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 55 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 任何对美国教育体系的讨论，如果未能涉及许多学院及大学教育中非学术性的、社会的及“课程外” 的方面，即其对个性成长的重视，那么这种讨论就不全面。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 假如美国本
37、科教育的最终目的只是传授一定量的知识，那么无疑就可以缩短学习的期限。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 在国际留学生回国后，这些校园活动和参与校外社团的经验在帮助他们将来成为专业领域的领军人物方面极具价值。 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 校外活动仍然不是一门必修课，但它仍然被给予了高度的关注。因为美国人历来认为，一个公民的成功和“全方位” 的生活是密不可分的，这种生活就要求成功者有参与社会活动，体育运动和文化活动的经历。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 在大多数校园里都有国际俱乐部，成员包括美国学生。在俱乐部里，学生通过与来自其他国家学生(包括美国学生)的社交来相互认识并学习。 【
38、知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 不过据英语的未来的作者大卫格兰德说，英语的蓬勃发展将终止于 2050 年，此后，英语语言教学自身将会成为英语扩张的受害者。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 这位在电视大学专攻教育和语言研究达 25 年之久的研究者指出，该模型还纳入了从现在到 2050 年间学生人数的可能性变化。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 此外，教育改革，以及包括像中国的计划生育政策等会影响世界人口的因素，在模型中也都悉数予以考虑了。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 然而，随着学生英语水平的提高以及全球更多的高校采用英语授课，英语科目本身的教学需求将呈下降趋势
39、。 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 报告还表明，英语并不是唯一向全球扩张的语言，全世界也不会被英语一统天下世界将会是多语并存的。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 虽然我们可以确定这一过渡阶段的某些时间限制，但却无法断然确定其具体的日期，指出该运动始于某年止于某年。【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 学习文学和哲学的学生所理解的“文艺复兴” 是：手抄本的发现、语言学和文艺批评的进步，而这一切带来了对古典文化的正确认识、诗歌的新趣味、新的思想体系和更精确的分析，最终则是良知的解放。【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 他们还会强调，在“文艺复兴” 的时刻，所有这些实
40、用的机械工具都开始出现，它们促使那些业已腐朽和行将灭亡的事物崩塌，并巩固和延续了新生的、有益的和活力盎然的一切。【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 所谓“ 文艺复兴 ”或曰“新生”，只是用以表明一种自然的运动，它不能用这样或那样的特征来解释，而应被看作在一个不断向前发展的过程中人性的努力，而我们仍在参与这一过程。【知识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 它是通过欧洲各种族表现出来的人文精神，达到自觉的自由境界的历史。【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 物质文化指的是那些可以触摸的、物质的“东西” ，即某种文化产生的能看到、摸到、感觉到和使用的自然物体。 【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 在 19 世纪 70 年代留声机发明以前，我们自己听不到任何音乐表演的声音，于是我们依赖乐器获得有关远古的音乐文化及其发展的重要信息。 【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 而且，读乐谱的能力对音乐家有着深远的影响，当这种能力得到普及时，它对整个音乐文化将产生深远的影响。 【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 一如既往的，人们总是渴望关注个性特色，而不是所有文化共有的普遍特点。 【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 音乐物质文化的一个更重要的部分应该被提出来，那就是电子媒体如收音机、唱片机、录音机、电视、未来能说会唱的计算机以及其他发明的影响。 【知识模块】 翻译
