1、考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 84 及答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 0 【F1】Breathing particulate-laden(aka smoggy)air may be hardening your arteries faster than normal, according to research published today in PLOS Medicine. W
2、hile everyones arteries harden gradually with age, a team of researchers led by epidemiologist Sara Adar of the University of Michigan School of Public Health discovered that higher concentrations of fine particulate air pollution were linked to a faster thickening of the inner two layers of the car
3、otid artery.【F2】Because the carotid artery feeds blood to the neck, head, and brain, a narrowing or blockage there can trigger strokes. And general atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries, is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, heart attack, and heart failure.【F3】Past research has
4、demonstrated that the rates of stroke and heart attack are higher in polluted areas, but experts havent been able to pinpoint just how polluted air is raising peoples risk for heart attack or stroke. This time, Adars team, along with Joel Kaufman, professor of environmental and occupational health s
5、ciences and medicine at the University of Washington, was able to directly measure carotid artery thickness and link it to air pollution data.The study involved 5, 362 people between the ages of 45 and 84 living in six different cities that are part of the MESA AIR(Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclero
6、sis and Air Pollution)research project, led by Joel Kaufman. Each participant underwent two carotid artery ultrasounds three years apart. These measurements were then correlated with data on fine particulate air pollution.【F4】While the artery walls of all participants increased by 14 micrometers per
7、 year, the arteries of those who were exposed to higher levels of fine particulate air pollution in their homes thickened faster than their neighbors in other parts of the city.【F5】Interestingly, the researchers also found the reverse effect to be true: reducing fine particulate air pollution levels
8、 slowed down atherosclerosis progression. Carotid artery measurements are considered by experts to be an indicator for arterial plaque and hardening throughout the body.1 【F1】2 【F2】3 【F3】4 【F4】5 【F5】5 【F1】Japan said Tuesday it had successfully extracted methane hydrate, known as “fire ice“, from its
9、 seabed, possibly unlocking many years worth of gas for the resource-starved country.In what they are claiming as a world first, a consortium is drilling for the hydrate, a fossil fuel that looks like ice but consists of very densely-packed methane surrounded by water molecules, one kilometre(3, 300
10、 feet)below sea level.【F2 】The solid white substance burns with a pale flame, leaving nothing but water. One of it is estimated to contain many times the equivalent volume of methane in gas form.The consortium, led by Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation, began initial work in February las
11、t year and on Tuesday started a two-week experimental production, an economy, trade and industry ministry official said. “It is the worlds first offshore experiment producing gas from methane hydrate,“ the official said, adding that the team successfully collected methane gas extracted from the half
12、-frozen substance.【F3 】Under the government-led project, the consortium is to separate methanethe primary component of natural gasfrom the solid clathrate compound under the seabed using the high pressures available at depth, officials said. A huge layer of methane hydrate containing 1.1 trillion cu
13、bic metres(38.5 trillion cubic feet)in natural gasequivalent to Japans consumption of the gas for 11 yearsis believed to lie in the ocean floor off the coast of Shikoku island, western Japan, the officials said.【F4】“We aim to establish methane hydrate production technologies for practical use by the
14、 fiscal 2018 year ending March 2019.“ a consortium official said. “We want to consolidate technologies for its commercialisation,“ economy, trade and industry minister Toshimitsu Motegi also told a news conference, according to Jiji Press. “I hope we can make use of resources surrounding our country
15、 as soon as possible by clearing hurdles one by one,“ he added.【F5】The move comes as resource-poor Japan has struck out in search of new energy supplies after it shut down its stable of nuclear reactors in the wake of 2011 s tsunami-sparked nuclear crisis.6 【F1】7 【F2】8 【F3】9 【F4】10 【F5】10 This line
16、of inquiry did not begin until earlier this monthmore than three months after the accidentbecause there were “too many emotions, too many egos,“ said retired Adm. Harold Gehman, chairman of the Columbia Accident Investigation Board.Testifying before the Senate Commerce Committee, Gehman said this pa
17、rt of his inquiry was in its earliest stages, starting just 10 days ago. But Gehman said he already has concluded it is “inconceivable“ that NASA would have been unable or unwilling to attempt a rescue for astronauts in orbit if senior shuttle managers and administrators had known there was fatal da
18、mage to Columbias left wing.【F1】Gehman told reporters after the hearing that answers to these important questions could have enormous impact, since they could place in a different context NASAs decisions against more aggressively checking possible wing damage in the days before Columbias fatal retur
19、n.Investigators believe breakaway insulating foam damaged part of Columbia s wing shortly after lift off, allowing superheated air to penetrate the wing during its fiery re-entry on Feb.l, melt it from inside.【F2】Among those decisions was the choice by NASAs senior shuttle managers and administrator
20、s to reject offers of satellite images of possible damage to Columbias left wing before the accident. The subject dominated the early part of Wednesday s hearing.Gehman complained managers and administrators “missed signals “when they rejected those offers for images, a pointedly harsh assessment of
21、 the space agencys inaction during the 16-day shuttle mission.【F3 】“We will attempt to pin this issue down in our report, but there were a number of bureaucratic and administrative missed signals here,“ Gehman told senators. “Were not quite so happy with the process.“【F4】The investigative board alre
22、ady had recommended that NASA push for better coordination between the space agency and military offices in charge of satellites and telescopes. The U.S. National Imagery and Mapping Agency in March agreed to regularly capture detailed satellite images of space shuttles in orbit.【F5】Still, Gehman sa
23、id it was unclear whether even images from Americas most sophisticated spy satellites might have detected on Columbias wing any damage, which Gehman said could have been as small as two inches square. The precise capabilities of such satellites proved to be a sensitive topic during the Senate hearin
24、g.11 【F1】12 【F2】13 【F3】14 【F4】15 【F5】15 Scientists are supposed to change their minds. 【F1】Having adopted their views on scientific questions based on an objective evaluation of empirical evidence, they are expected to willingly, even eagerly, abandon cherished beliefs when new evidence undercuts th
25、em. So it is remarkable that so few of the essays in a new book in which scientists answer the question in the title, “What Have You Changed Your Mind About?“ express anything like this ideal.Many of the changes of mind are just changes of opinion or an evolution of values. One contributor, a past s
26、upporter of manned spaceflight, now thinks its pointless, while another no longer has moral objections to cognitive enhancement through drugs. Other changes of mind have to do with busted predictions, such as that computer intelligence would soon rival humans. 【F2 】Rare, however, are changes of mind
27、 by scientists identified with either side of a controversial issue. There is no one who rose to fame arguing that a disease is caused by sticky brain plaques and who has now been convinced by evidence that the plaques are mostly innocent bystanders, not culprits. But really, we shouldn t be surpris
28、ed.【F3】Supporters of a particular viewpoint especially if their reputation is based on the accuracy of that viewpoint, cling to it like a shipwrecked man to floats. Studies that undermine that position, they say, are fatally flawed.In truth, no study is perfect, so it would be crazy to abandon an el
29、egant, well-supported theory because one new finding undercuts it. 【F4】But its fascinating how scientists with an intellectual stake in a particular side of a debate tend to see flaws in studies that undercut their dearly held views, and to interpret and even ignore “facts“ to fit their views. No wo
30、nder the historian Thomas Kuhn concluded almost 50 years ago that a scientific paradigm falls down only when the last of its powerful adherents dies.The few essays in which scientists do admit they were wrongand about something central to their reputationtherefore stand out.【F5】 Physicist Marcelo Gl
31、eiser of Dartmouth breaks ranks with almost every physicist since Einstein, and with his Own younger self, in now doubting that the laws of nature can be unified in a single elegant formulation. Gleiser has written dozens of papers proposing routes to the unification of gravity and quantum mechanics
32、 through everything from superstrings to extra dimensions, but now concedes that “all attempts so far have failed.“ Unification may be esthetically appealing, but its not how nature works.16 【F1】17 【F2】18 【F3】19 【F4】20 【F5】考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷 84 答案与解析Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and
33、then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points) 【知识模块】 翻译1 【正确答案】 根据今日发表在公共科学图书馆医学杂志上的研究，呼吸含大量颗粒物的(雾霾) 空气可能会让你的动脉硬化速度加快。 【知识模块】 翻译2 【正确答案】 由于颈动脉要向颈部、头部和大脑供血，颈动脉变窄或堵塞可能会引发中风。通常动脉硬化是冠心病、心脏病发作和心力衰竭的主要风险因素。 【知识模块】 翻译3 【正确答案】 以往的研究已经表明，在受污染地区中风和心脏病发作的几率更高，但专家还未能查明空气污染是如何提高人们心脏病或中风发作的风险的。
34、 【知识模块】 翻译4 【正确答案】 尽管所有参与者的动脉壁每年都会增厚 14 微米，但那些家周边空气中细颗粒污染物水平更高的人动脉壁比住在同城其他地区的人增厚速度更快。 【知识模块】 翻译5 【正确答案】 有趣的是，研究人员还发现反之亦然：降低空气中的细颗粒污染物水平会减慢动脉硬化的速度。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译6 【正确答案】 日本周二宣布，已经成功地从日本海底提取出甲烷水合物，俗称“可燃冰”，此举可能将给这个资源贫乏的国家开启可延续多年的燃气资源宝藏。 【知识模块】 翻译7 【正确答案】 这种白色固体物质燃烧时发出苍白色的火焰，燃尽后只留下水。据估计 1 立方米的可燃冰含有
35、数倍于同体积甲烷气体的能量。 【知识模块】 翻译8 【正确答案】 据官员称，在这一政府领头的工程中，该联盟将把甲烷(天然气的主要成分)通过在海洋深处才能达到的高压从海底的固体水合物中分离出来。 【知识模块】 翻译9 【正确答案】 联盟的一名官员说：“我们的目标是在 2018 财政年度结束前研发出可供实际应用的甲烷水合物生产技术，2018 财政年度截止于 2019 年 3 月。” 【知识模块】 翻译10 【正确答案】 2011 年海啸引发核危机之后日本就关闭了核电站，从那以后资源贫乏的日本就一直在奋力寻求新的能源供给来源。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译11 【正确答案】 格曼于听证会后告
36、诉记者，关于一些重要问题的答案可能会产生巨大的影响。原因是这些答案可能在一个不同的情形下审视宇航局的决定，宇航局决定反对在哥伦比亚号返航前仔细检查可能出现的侧翼故障。 【知识模块】 翻译12 【正确答案】 在这些决定中，有一个便是宇航局管理官员拒绝接受军方所提供的关于哥伦比亚号航天飞机左翼隐患的卫星照片。 【知识模块】 翻译13 【正确答案】 格曼告诉参议员：“我们尝试把这件事详细地写进我们的报告，但是有大量的官员和管理者忽略了故障的征兆。我们对调查的进程不太满意。” 【知识模块】 翻译14 【正确答案】 调查委员会曾建议美国航空航天局促成宇航局和掌管卫星及望远镜的军方部门间更好的合作。 【知
37、识模块】 翻译15 【正确答案】 来自于美国军方最先进的间谍卫星的照片是否能检测出哥伦比亚号飞船侧翼上的两英寸大小的破损，格曼对此仍旧不敢肯定。 【知识模块】 翻译【知识模块】 翻译16 【正确答案】 人们认为，科学家基于对实验证据的客观评估、就科学问题形成自己的观点之后，一旦出现动摇这些观点的新证据，他们会欣然地，甚至急切地抛弃原先珍视的观念。【知识模块】 翻译17 【正确答案】 然而，鲜有观念的改变是由支持争议性问题某一方的科学家作出的。【知识模块】 翻译18 【正确答案】 某一种观点的支持者，尤其是当其声望建立于该观点的正确性之上时，会像紧抓漂浮物的遭受海难者一样，抱住该观点不放。【知识模块】 翻译19 【正确答案】 但有趣的是，与某一争论的特定一方存在智力利害关系的科学家如何倾向于从动摇自己深信的观点的研究中发现破绽并解释甚至忽略“事实” 以使其符合自己的观点。【知识模块】 翻译20 【正确答案】 达特茅斯大学的物理学家马赛罗-格雷泽现在通过对“自然法则可以归纳为一条简洁的公式”的观点提出质疑，与爱因斯坦之后几乎所有物理学家分道扬镳了，也与年轻时的自己划清了界限。【知识模块】 翻译
