1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 100 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Before there were black holes and stars and galaxies, the universe went through a period just after the big bang known as the Dark Age of the Universe t
2、hat lasted until evolving structure ultimately led to the first stars. Jordi Miralda-Escude, an astronomer at Ohio State University in Columbus, describes the Dark Age as the epoch when the universe had become completely dark as it gradually cooled following the big bang and “all the matter that for
3、ms us today was spread around space and uniformly distributed.“Little differences in the density of matter that had been present since the beginning of the universe gradually grew larger as a result of gravitational attraction. Eventually the density was large enough to cause a gravitational collaps
4、e and the first star was born. These first stars, according to Miralda-Escude, were likely quite massive and when they exploded as supernovae they littered the universe with atoms heavier than hydrogen and helium which were required for the formation of planets in the next generation of stars. “In t
5、he beginning, the universe contained only hydrogen and helium, but at the present time planets like the Earth are made of heavier atoms,“ he said. “They all come from stars. So all the atomic nuclei on which life is basedexcept for hydrogenwere made in stars.“One of the curiosities Miralda-Escude is
6、 trying to pin down is when the first star was born after the Dark Age began. “Imagine you are an observer floating in space and looking through the universe in the Dark Age and around you it is completely dark,“ he said. “The temperature is decreasing so the cosmic background light has all shifted
7、to infrared wavelengths, and there is nothing in visual light. Then, all of a sudden you see the first star appear in the distance.“Miralda-Escude estimates that the first visible star probably appeared about 75 million years after the big bang. Today, the universe is nearly 14 billion years old and
8、 contains billions of galaxies, each one with billions of stars.1 In the text, the “Dark Age of the Universe“ refers to_.（A）the formation of the first stars（B） a period during which black holes were prominent（C） a period following the big bang（D）the time before the universe began2 What caused the di
9、fferences in the density of matter to grow larger?（A）Gravitational attraction.（B） Little differences in the density of matter.（C） The big bang.（D）Massive stars.3 How does the article suggest the matter that makes up the Earth was first spread through the universe?（A）Through expulsion from black hole
10、s.（B） Through the explosions of stars.（C） Hydrogen propulsion.（D）Theoretical balancing.4 When does Miralda-Escude estimate the first star appeared?（A）75 million years ago.（B） 14 billion years ago.（C） 14 billion years after the big bang.（D）75 million years after the big bang.5 The text tells us that
11、the universe_.（A）was formed by a random observer（B） has been in existence for an infinite amount of time（C） has undergone change over time（D）is constantly expanding5 Improving information technology is crucial to helping the transportation industry strengthen systems critical to the global economy,
12、says Greg Smith of IBMs Transportation Industry group. Advances in Internet use and the adoption of Just In Time delivery, along with other technological advances, have played a significant role in helping the transportation industry to increase efficiencies, reduce costs, and boost sales. For examp
13、le, in 2000, transportation accounted for 9.9 percent of the gross domestic product, compared with 14.9 percent in 1990. Shippers, carriers, forwarders and others continue to realize major savings from improved inventory control management as a result of increased operational efficiencies.“Today, in
14、formation technology is delivering significant increases in efficiency to all stakeholders in transportation, transportation infrastructure and governments, however, most of the transport modes still work independently of each other,“ says Smith. “The industry is in dire need of an integrated, inter
15、national network of information that will not only continue to improve inventory management, increase efficiencies and result in cost benefits, but also enhance safety and security.“Recently, there has been much attention focused on shipping in relation to security and how technology can enable the
16、tracking of shipped goods from point of origin to delivery. “As the government begins defining security-related directives, and the transportation industry works toward integration of all transport modes, the industry must implement solutions that enable it to access data from a fully-integrated sys
17、tem of computing, communications and sensor technologies,“ Smith emphasized.Smith warns that transportation companies must also build information centers on open standards because connectivity is one of the most important factors in the industrys future success. The industry must also change its cul
18、ture and standards to exceed consumer demands in terms of improved customer service and added convenience. Many transportation companies have already transformed from a “push“-driven business modelmanufacturer influencedto a “puH“-driven business modeladded value to the customer. Connectivity is ess
19、ential to enhancing security and efficiency for transportation today and in the future.6 What do we learn from the text?（A）Information technology is important for the transportation industry.（B） The transportation industry has completed the task of using information technology to improve critical sy
20、stems.（C） Many people fail to realize the importance of the transportation industry.（D）Many people fail to realize the importance of information technology.7 Using the Internet has helped the transportation industry_.（A）communicate more efficiently with their customers（B） communicate with suppliers（
21、C） reduce costs（D）reduce the gross domestic product8 One result that information technology has brought about for the transportation industry is_.（A）an integrated, international network of information（B） enhancements in safety and security（C） a significant increase in efficiency（D）increased governme
22、nt regulation9 How does Smith suggest the transportation industry respond to governmental directives related to security?（A）By decreasing their reliance on information technology.（B） By studying various ways in which information technology can help improve security.（C） By implementing solutions allo
23、wing the industry to access data from a fully integrated system.（D）By defining security-related directives.10 Which of the following best reflects the authors view of the transportation industry?（A）The transportation industry is well prepared for the future.（B） In recent years, the transportation in
24、dustry has failed to develop.（C） Connectivity is one of the most important factors in the industrys future success.（D）More effort must be made to communicate effectively with manufacturers.10 No two economic crises are identical. But the same questions recur. How did we get into this mess? How can w
25、e get out of it? How do we avoid another? Some answers repeat themselves too. You can be pretty sure that sooner or later someone, quite possibly an anguished economist, will declare that economics itself has gone astray. The wisdom of some past master, whether celebrated or neglected, has been forg
26、otten, and the economy is paying the price.A new book, “Animal Spirits“ follows this rule to the letter. The authors seek to answer the first of those three old questions and thus to provide some pointers about the other two. They do indeed believe that economics has lost its way. And their chosen e
27、conomist is Keynes.So far, so familiar. But this book is rather more than the usual lament about the failings of economics. Its authors are two of the disciplines leading lights. Mr. Akerlof won a Nobel prize in 2001, in part for a classic paper explaining how markets may fail. Mr. Shiller sounded a
28、 warning about the “Irrational Exuberance“ of the tech-boom stockmarket in a book of that nameand did the same for the housing market in a second edition.The lesson that Messrs Akerlof and Shiller draw from Keynes is not just the standard one, of the usefulness of deficit finance in recessions. They
29、 borrow their title from “The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money“.Most, probably, of our decisions to do something positive, the full consequences of which will be drawn out over many days to come, can only be taken as a result of animal spiritsof a spontaneous urge to action rather th
30、an inaction, and not as the outcome of the weighted average of quantitative benefits multiplied by quantitative probabilities.Too much economics, say Mr. Akerlof and Mr. Shiller, has been built on the premise that humans are rational calculators. That is not a new criticism, even from economists. Ov
31、er the past couple of decades Homo economicus has evolved into a being more like H. sapiens, as economics has drawn on psychology, biology and even neuroscience. “Behavioural“ economics has shaped public policyfor instance, in encouraging people to save or in shaping the choice of investments in the
32、ir pension pots. Behavioural economists have earned Nobel prizes. Mr. Akerlof and Mr. Shiller, however, complain that this evolution has been confined mainly to microeconomics. It is time for macroeconomics to catch up.11 We can infer from the passage that the book “Animal Spirits“_.（A）answers all t
33、he three questions about economic crisis（B） is written by a leading expert of economics（C） studies the forgotten work of economist Keynes（D）has been celebrated in the discipline12 The underlined word in Paragraph 1 means_.（A）lost（B） prosperous（C） fading（D）professional13 According to the passage, a s
34、tandard economic experience is that_.（A）deficit finance is of value in economic crisis（B） the stock market is in an irrational exuberance（C） markets may fail under some circumstances（D）humans are rational calculators14 By mentioning the encouragement of peoples saving, the author intends to_.（A）emph
35、asize the importance for people to be farsighted（B） demonstrate the behavioral economics influence on policy making（C） explain how behavioral economists earned the Nobel Prize（D）manifest that evolution has taking place in microeconomics15 Which of the following is true according to the text?（A）Macro
36、economics has undertaken evolutionary change.（B） Markets may fail due to irrational exuberance.（C） Mr. Akerlof won the Nobel Prize for behavioral economics.（D）Economic crises occur with different manifestion.15 Scientists are unearthing tantalizing clues about how to design spaces that promote creat
37、ivity, keep students focused and alert, and lead to relaxation and social intimacy. The results inform architectural and design decisions such as the height of ceilings, the view from windows, the shape of furniture, and the type and intensity of lighting. Such efforts are leading to cutting-edge pr
38、ojects such as residences for seniors with dementia in which the building itself is part of the treatment.In the 1950s prizewinning biologist and doctor Jonas Salk was working on a cure for polio in a dark basement laboratory in Pittsburgh. Progress was slow, so to clear his head, Salk traveled to A
39、ssisi, Italy, where he spent time in a 13th-century monastery, ambling amid its columns and cloistered courtyards. Suddenly, Salk found himself awash in new insights, including the one that would lead to his successful polio vaccine. Salk was convinced he had drawn his inspiration from the contempla
40、tive setting. He came to believe so strongly in architectures ability to influence the mind that he teamed up with renowned architect Louis Kahn to build the Salk Institute in La Jolla, Calif., as a scientific facility that would stimulate breakthroughs and encourage creativity.Architects have long
41、intuited that the places we inhabit can affect our thoughts, feelings and behaviors. But now, half a century after Salks inspiring excursion, behavioral scientists are giving these hunches an empirical basis. They are unearthing tantalizing clues about how to design spaces that promote creativity, k
42、eep students focused and alert, and lead to relaxation and social intimacy. Institutions such as the Academy of Neuroscience for Architecture in San Diego are encouraging interdisciplinary research into how a planned environment influences the mind, and some architecture schools are now offering cla
43、sses in introductory neuroscience.Formal investigations into how humans interact with the built environment began in the 1950s, when several research groups analyzed how the design of hospitals, particularly psychiatric facilities, influenced patient behaviors and outcomes. In the 1960s and 1970s th
44、e field that became known as environmental psychology blossomed. The growth of the brain sciences in the late 20th century gave the field a new arsenal of technologies, tools and theories. Researchers began to consider how we can utilize the rigorous methods of neuroscience and a deeper understandin
45、g of the brain to inform how we design.16 According to Paragraph 1, residences in the future may_.（A）use energy-conservative materials（B） be equipped with voice-control electrical appliance（C） have a standard type and intensity of lighting（D）be helpful for treatment of special diseases17 Jonas Salk
46、attributed his success in polio vaccine to_.（A）his basement laboratory where he could be alone（B） the help of a renowned architect（C） the contemplative setting of a monastery（D）the excursion in cloistered place in Italy18 By mentioning an organization in San Diego, the author intends to_.（A）encourag
47、e institutions to do interdisciplinary researches（B） state many institutions strive to study set environments influence on humans（C） prove that researches in neuroscience have been in popularity（D）advocate that architecture schools should involve introductory neuroscience19 According to the passage,
48、 which of the following is most probably wrong?（A）Environmental psychologys flourish last about lOyears.（B） Brain sciences have been developing in the last century.（C） Behavioral scientists work will support Jonas Salks idea.（D）Scientists are studying hospital facilities influence on patients.20 The
49、 authors attitude towards the study on architectures influence on human is_.（A）confident（B） pessimistic（C） unconvincing（D）impracticable考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 100 答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 属指代关系题。根据文章首句中的语义关系，“宇宙的黑暗时代”指的是大爆炸后的一段时期。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第二段首句告诉我们，由于引力，物质密度的差别逐渐增大。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 属事实细节题。第二段指出：“这些最初的恒星有可能体积巨大。当作为超新星爆炸时，它们使宇宙充满了原子，重于氢和氦，为下一代恒星的行星形成所必需。”可见
