1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 143 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The largest egg recall in U. S. history is underway, after a salmonella outbreak more than doubled the number of such cases between May and July, from a
2、n anticipated 700 to almost 2,000. The eggs have been traced to two Iowa egg producers, Wright County Egg and Hilland-ale Farms, but more than two dozen different brands and distributors in 17 states have been affected. When a salmonella outbreak on two Iowa farms leads to a nationwide recall of a h
3、alf-billion eggs, it points to a bigger question: what happened to the food system?America is growing increasingly dependent on industrial agriculture: fewerand larger farms are feeding the country. At so-called factory farms, food production is a decidedly non-rural business; animals are pumped up
4、with hormones and confined in tiny spaces. An estimated 95 percent of Americas eggs are produced at just 192 farms, down from 2,500 in 1987. But is industrial agriculture to blame for the salmonella outbreak?No, says Darrell Trampel, a poultry veterinarian at Iowa State University. Buying organic or
5、 local doesnt necessarily mean youre protected from diseases. The source of the outbreak is still under investigation, but one likely criminal is mice, which can be a problem for farms of any size, Trampel says. The particular strain of salmonella associated with eggsSalmonella enteriti-disemerged i
6、n the late 1980s, when it moved from rats to chickens.Still, for local egg producers, the outbreak has been an unexpected fortune, as customers turn to farmers markets instead of supermarkets. Smaller farms, many of which advocate their free-range and organically fed products, may intuitively feel l
7、ike a safer choice to some shoppers. But while small-scale producers may be more humane, salmonella outbreaks arent u-nique to large-scale operations.Despite the hype, theres contradictory evidence about whether eggs laid by free-range or organically fed hens are less likely to contract the bacteria
8、 than eggs laid in factory-farm settings. According to the USDAs Food Safety and Inspection Service, claims that chickens labeled “ kosher,“ “ free range,“ “ organic,“ or “ natural“ having lower salmonella levels are unsubstantiated.But the extension of large-scale industrial food production does me
9、an that when there is a problem, its magnified. As a result, salmonella outbreaks on two Iowa farms can sicken thousands across the country. Smaller farms produce less food, and that food often doesnt travel too far from farm to table. As a result, outbreaks are relatively isolated and affect fewer
10、people. But this model is rapidly changing as food production and distribution becomes a national affair.Yesterday, Tyson Foods recalled 380,000 pounds of deli meat sold in sandwiches at Wal-Mart stores because of a potential contamination with listeria, a bacterium that can cause high fever, headac
11、hes, and nausea. Last year hundreds were sickened by a salmonella outbreak that was ultimately traced to peanut butter produced in Georgia and distributed around the country.1 The eggs produced in Wright County Egg and Hillandale Farms have（A）led to the largest recall of 2,000 eggs in the U. S.（B） s
12、ickened two dozen distributors in 17 states.（C） been contaminated due to salmonella outbreak.（D）led to the collapse of the food system.2 According to Darrell Trampel, what is likely to be blamed for salmonella outbreak?（A）Industrial agriculture.（B） Eggs.（C） Large farms.（D）Rats.3 Customers turned to
13、local egg producers rather than supermarkets because they thought（A）its safer to eat free-range eggs.（B） small-scale producers are more humane.（C） salmonella is only limited to large farms.（D）free-range eggs have lower salmonella.4 Which of the following leads to salmonella outbreak on two Iowa farm
14、s so serious?（A）Large-scale industrial farms distribute food nationwide.（B） Smaller farms produce less food than larger farms.（C） Smaller farms tend to be relatively isolated.（D）Large-scale farms often have potential contamination.5 The passage is mainly about（A）salmonella outbreak and its solutions
15、.（B） food safety and industrial food production.（C） free-range eggs and factory-farm eggs.（D）egg recall and its investigation.5 Think about yesterdays lunch and a variety of details may leap to mind, each of them employing a different section of your brain. The olfactory system calls up what the mea
16、l smelled like, while the visual cortex retrieves images of the restaurant you ate in and the temporal lobe recalls the sound of your waitresss voice. Scientists have long suspected that every recollection from the mundane to the momentousignites a distinct pattern of neurons. But for decades, they
17、have struggled to understand how the brain assembles such disparate elements into a single coherent memory, one that can be retrieved intact, spontaneously or on demand, hours, days or even years after the fact. “Its not like a tape recorder where you store it all on one cassette,“ says Lynn Nadel,
18、a neuroscientist at the University of Arizona in Tucson. “Theres more than one PLAY button to hit. “Its no trivial matter. One of the most devastating effects of dementia and Alzheimers disease is the loss of whats known as episodic memorythe capacity to remember experiences in detail. Despite years
19、 of research and some initial progress, the ability to restore this function to aging or diseased brains continues to elude doctors. But research published earlier this month in the journal Science has provided some important clues into how the brain builds memories.UCLA neuroscientist Itzhak Fried
20、and his Israeli colleagues measured neural activity in the brains of 13 study participants as they watched short video clips. Afterward, while their brains were still being monitored, subjects were asked to describe whichever of the video clips came to mind. The same neurons that had fired as they w
21、atched a given clip fired again when they recalled that clip. Actually, researchers could predict which clip a subject was about to remember, as corresponding neurons flared up seconds ahead of actual remembering.The findings offer the first proof of a long-held assumptionreactivation of the neurons
22、 initially involved in an experience forms the basis of human memory. “ Being able to see human memory recall in action, in real time, is unprecedented,“ says MIT neuroscientist Matthew Wilson. “Weve suspected for quite a while storage and retrieval would be concentrated in the same cells, but never
23、 had the proof until now. “As exciting as that finding may be, however, some memory experts say the true significance of Frieds study lies not in when the neurons fired, but in where they were locatedthe hippocampus. One of the earliest and most common signs of Alzheimers disease is patients start g
24、etting lost in places familiar to them. The hippocampus, a thin slice of tissue tucked deep in the brain, is known to play a role in the ability to remember and navigate through a given place, a process known as spatial learning. The involvement of these same cells in the storage and retrieval of me
25、mories suggests location may be the key to human recollections, the defining element summoning all the other elements together to reconstruct an event.6 What does Lynn Nadel mean in his comments?（A）When we want to record something through tape recorder, we store it on one cassette.（B） When we want t
26、o regain what we recorded in tape recorder, we press PLAY button.（C） The storage and retrieval of information in brain are more complex than those in recorder.（D）There is no likeness between storage and retrieval of information in brain and in recorder.7 According to Matthew Wilson, Frieds study is
27、important because（A）its a professional study carried out by UCLA neuroscientist.（B） it results from the cooperation of Itzhak Fried and foreign experts.（C） it follows the long-held assumption of many experts in this field.（D）it proves the long-held assumption of many experts in this field.8 As for s
28、ome experts, why is the hippocampus important?（A）Because it is the place that neurons locate.（B） Because it is the tissue tucked deep in the brain.（C） Because it has been proved to be existent in Frieds study.（D）Because it plays a leading role in reconstructing information.9 Exploring the storage an
29、d retrieval of information in brain is a meaningful matter because it（A）helps people to remember what happened in the past more accurately.（B） helps doctors to restore memory function to aging or diseased brains.（C） proves storage and retrieval of information are concentrated in the same cells.（D）pr
30、ovides people the opportunity to see human memory recall in action in real time. 10 According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?（A）Whether people can recall the details of yesterdays lunch is a trivial matter.（B） After years of research, doctors made initial progress in resto
31、ring episodic memory.（C） Whats published in Science this month is carried out by Fried and his colleagues.（D）Some experts think the discovery of when neurons work in Frieds study is useless.10 Lets be frank: college can be tough. According to a 2007 study by the American College Health Association,
32、43 percent of students reported having felt “ so depressed it was difficult to function“ at least once in the prior year. Other studies, based on student surveys, suggest that one in five undergraduates reported having an eating disorder, one in six had deliberately cut or burned himself and one in
33、10 had considered suicide.Given those numbers, its deeply troubling that in 2007 just 8. 5 percent of students used their colleges counseling services. In other words, students were more likely to consider killing themselves than to seek help. “After Virginia Tech, students feel more afraid to discu
34、ss mental-health problems,“ says Alison Malmon, the founder of Active Minds, a national group that promotes mental-health awareness on campus. “They think theyll be labeled as the crazy kid wholl shoot up the school. “Counselors say that while they do keep an eye out for students who might pose a ri
35、sk to others, the overwhelming majority of their patients are no threat to anyone but themselves. “The things that make it into the media arent peoples everyday struggles,“ says Gregory Eells, head of Cornells counseling service and president of the Association for University and College Counseling
36、Center Directors. “We need to let students know that seeking treatment is a strong, smart thing. “Counseling services must look for new ways to reach out to troubled students. NYU freshmen are treated annually to a “reality show,“ in which NYU student actors perform skits on topics from depression t
37、o drug abuse. At Harvard, students can win iPods for attending mental-health screening sessions and are invited to “pajama party“ panels, where flannel-clad counselors dispense milk and cookies along with advice about the importance of sleep. “Theres still a high level of stigma,“ says Richard Kadis
38、on, head of Harvards mental-health services. “Were trying to find creative ways of getting the message out. “Many campuses also offer online services allowing students to complete informal diagnostic quizzes away from the prying eyes of their peers. “You take it in the privacy of your own dorm roomn
39、ot at some event where a bunch of other students might be watching you,“ says Kather-ine Cruise, a director of Screening for Mental Health, a nonprofit that serves about 500 campuses. The results are confidential, but can help nudge students toward counseling services.Still, students and counselors
40、agree that the most effective outreach programs are those led by students themselves. “Its different when you hear something from another student,“ says Semmie Kim, a neuroscience major who founded MITs chapter of Active Minds in 2007. Shes held events like a bubble-wrap stomp to help students vent
41、pre-exam stress, but says her groups most important role is to provide troubled peers with a sympathetic ear. “We want to make students realize theyre not alone,“ she says. College will always be tough, but theres no need to suffer in silence.11 According to the first two paragraphs, which has the l
42、east probability to happen on mentally troubled undergraduates?（A）Have an eating disorder.（B） Cut themselves deliberately.（C） Consider committing suicide.（D）Seek help from counselors.12 Which of the following is the most challenging for the work of counseling services?（A）More and more college studen
43、ts suffer from mental-health problems.（B） Though many students have mental-health problem, few of them seek counseling.（C） They have to keep an eye out for students who might pose a risk to others.（D）Persuade people into believing whats made into the media isnt very popular.13 The most effective way
44、 to regain students mental health is that（A）counselors hold mental-health screening sessions more frequently.（B） campuses offer more online services to keep students privacy.（C） outreach programs are created by students themselves.（D）neuroscience majors found more associations in psychological aspec
45、t.14 According to the passage, we may infer that in the future（A）less and less students will go to university to avoid confronting mental-health problems.（B） more and more students will go to university to find ways to make universities less tough.（C） undergraduates will have no choice but to contin
46、ue to suffer from mental-health problems in silence.（D）undergraduates are supposed to find ways to let mental suffering out with psychological counselors help.15 Which of the following may be the most original reason for the problem of undergraduates mental-health?（A）Colleges are tough and many stud
47、ents couldnt adjust themselves to it well.（B） There is the lack of enough counseling service to help troubled students out.（C） They think theyll be labelled as the crazy kids because of their mental difficulty.（D）The overwhelming majority of troubled students are no threat to anyone but themselves.1
48、5 Weve known for a long time a high-fat diet, obesity and lack of exercise can increase the risk of developing heart disease and type II diabetes, two conditions affecting millions of Americans. What we are finding out now is those same lifestyle factors also play an important role in cancer. Thats
49、the bad news. The good news is you can do something about your lifestyle. If we grew thinner, exercised regularly, avoided diets rich in red meat and ate diets rich in fruits and vegetables, and stopped using tobacco, we would prevent 70 percent of all cancers.The strongest evidence of the importance of lifestyle in cancer is most common cancers arise at dramatically different rates in different parts of the globe. Several cancers that are extremely common in the United Statescolon, prostate and breast cancerare relativel
