1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 34 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Calories and Human HealthDieting, according to an old joke, may not actually make you live longer, but it sure feels that way. Nevertheless, evidence has
2、 been accumulating since the 1930s that calorie restrictionreducing an animals energy intake below its energy expenditureextends lifespan and delays the onset of age-related diseases in rats, dogs, fish and monkeys. Such results have inspired thousands of people to put up with constant hunger in the
3、 hope of living longer, healthier lives. They have also led to a search for drugs that mimic the effects of calorie restriction without the pain of going on an actual diet.Amid the hype(intensive publicity), it is easy to forget that no one has until now shown that calorie restriction works in human
4、s. That omission, however, changed this month, with the publication of the initial results of the first systematic investigation into the matter.This study, known as CALERIE (Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy), was sponsored by Americas National Institutes of
5、 Health. It took 48 men and women aged between 25 and 50 and assigned them randomly to either a control group or a calorie-restriction regime. Those in the second group were required to cut their calorie intake for six months to 75% of that needed to maintain their weight.The CALERIE study is a land
6、mark in the history of the field, because its subjects were either of normal weight or only slightly overweight. Previous projects have used individuals who were clinically obese, thus confusing the unquestionable benefits to health of reducing obesity with the possible advantages of calorie restric
7、tion to the otherwise healthy.At a molecular level, CALERIE suggests these advantages are real. For example, those on restricted diets had lower insulin resistance and lower levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. They showed drops in body temperature and blood-insulin levelsboth phenomena th
8、at have been seen in long-lived, calorie-restricted animals. They also suffered less oxidative damage to their DNA.Eric Ravussin, of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, who is one of the studys authors, says that such results provide support for the theory that calorie restriction produces a
9、metabolic adaptation over and above that which would be expected from weight loss alone. Nevertheless, such metabolic adaptation could be the reason why calorie restriction is associated with longer lifespans in other animalsand that is certainly the hope of those who, for the past 15 years, have be
10、en searching for ways of triggering that metabolic adaptation by means other than semi-starvation.1 The evidence since the 1930s has inspired people to_.（A）live longer and healthier（B） invent a calorie-restricting drug（C） believe in calorie restriction（D）get rid of constant hunger2 Which of the foll
11、owing is true about the CALERIE study?（A）It proves that calorie restriction works in humans.（B） It has 24 male subjects and the same number of females.（C） It is the first investigation into the effects of calorie restriction.（D）It lasted for six months and had the final results published.3 What make
12、s the CALERIE study a significant one in the field?（A）It used the subjects of both genders and different ages.（B） It clarified the advantages of calorie restriction to normal people.（C） It rectified the misconception of dieting.（D）It was systematic in research method and based on evidence.4 By sayin
13、g “CALERIE suggests these advantages are real“, the author is dealing with the results of the study from a_.（A）general view（B） specific view（C） macro view（D）micro view 5 It can be inferred from the last paragraph that_.（A）the metabolic adaptation solely resulted from weight loss（B） the metabolic ada
14、ptation is what dieters are pursuing（C） semi-starvation was seen as an effective means for weight loss（D）people had no idea about the metabolic adaptation before CALERIE5 The Change of Health Industry PatternBack in 1979, a fat unhealthy property developer, Mel Zuckerman, and his exercise-fanatic wi
15、fe, Enid, opened Canyon Ranch, “ Americas first total vacation/fitness resort“, on an old dude ranch in Tucson, Arizona. At the time, their outdoorsy, new age-ish venture seemed highly eccentric. Today Canyon Ranch is arguably the premium health-spa brand of choice for the super-rich. It is growing
16、fast and now operates in. several places, including the Queen Mary 2. (1)_.“There is a new market category called wellness lifestyle, and in a whole range of industries, if you are not addressing that category you are going to find it increasingly hard to stay in business,“ enthuses Kevin Kelly, Can
17、yon Ranchs president. This broad new category, Mr. Kelly goes on, “consolidates a lot of subcategories“ including spas, traditional medicine and alternative medicine, behavioural therapy, spirituality, fitness, nutrition and beauty. (2)_. “You can no longer satisfy the consumer with just fitness, ju
18、st medical, just spa,“ says Mr. Kelly.Canyon Ranchs strategy reflects this belief. (3)_This year in Miami Beach it will open the first of what it expects to be many upmarket housing estates built around a spa, called Can yon Ranch Living Together with the Cleveland Clinic, one of the world s leading
19、 private providers of traditional medicine, it is launching an “executive health“ product which combines diagnosis, treatment and, above all, prevention. It also has plans to produce food and skin-care products, a range of clothes and healthy living educational materials.(4)_.Mr. Case reckons that o
20、ne of the roots of todays health-care crisis, especially in America, is that prevention and care are not suitably joined up. A growing number of employers now promote wellness at work, both to cut costs and to reduce stress and health-related absenteeism, says Jon Denoris of Catalyst Health, a gym b
21、usiness in London. He has been helping the British arm of Harley Davidson, a motorbike-maker, to develop a wellness programme for its workers.The desire to reduce heaith-care costs is one force behind the rise of the wellness industry; the other is the growing demand from consumers for things that m
22、ake them feel healthier. Surveys find that three out of four adult Americans now feel that their lives are “out of balance“, says Mr. Kelly. So there is a huge opportunity to offer them products and services that make them feel more “ balanced“. This represents a big change in con-sumer psychology,
23、claims Mr. Kelly, and one that is likely to deepen over time: market research suggests that 35-year-olds have a much stronger desire to lead healthy lifestyles than 65-year-olds.(5)_. Another will be to maintain credibility in (and for) an industry that combines serious science with snake oil. One p
24、roblemor is it an opportunity? in selling wellness products to consumers is that some of the things they demand may be faddish or nonsensical. Easy fixes, such as new-age therapies, may appeal to them more than harder but proven ways to improve health.One of Canyon Ranchs answers to this problem has
25、 been to hire Richard Carmona, who was Americas surgeon-general until last summer. In that role, he moved prevention and wellness nearer to the centre of public-health policy. The last time a surgeon-general ventured into business, it ended disastrously: during the internet bubble, Everett Koop laun
26、ched DrKoop. com, a medical-information site that went bust shortly after going public and achieving a market capitalisation of over $ 1 billion. This time around, the wellness boom seems unlikely to suffer such a nasty turn for the worse.A It is expanding a brand built on $ 1,000-a-night retreats f
27、or the rich and famous in several different directions.B Mr. Zuckerman, now a trim and sprightly 78-year-old, remains chairman of the firm.C There is growing evidence that focusing holistically on wellness can reduce health-care costs by emphasizing prevention over treatment.D One difficulty for wel
28、lness firms will be acquiring the expertise to operate in several different areas of the market.E It is also one of the leading lights in “wellness“, an increasingly mainstreamand profitable- -business.F As more customers demand a holistic approach to feeling well, firms that have hitherto specialis
29、ed in only one or two of those areas are now facing growing market pressure to broaden their business.G And there is much debate about the health benefits of vitamin supplements, organic food and alternative medicines, let alone different forms of spirituality.10 How to Solve the Problem of Childhoo
30、d Obesity in the United StatesThe proportion of children in America who are overweight has tripled over the past 20 years and now exceeds 17% , according to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The health problems that this causes include hypertension and type-2 diabetes, formerly k
31、nown only among the nations overweight adult population. A group sponsored by the National Institute on Ageing has warned that this may be the first generation ever to have a shorter lifespan than their parents.All the while, the proportion of children who take part in daily exercise at high school
32、has dropped from 42% in 1991 to only 28% in 2004, according to the CDC. Snacking has greatly increased; the Government Accountability Office (GAO) found in 2003 that 99% of Americas high schools now sell snacks and other food as well as providing lunches.In an attempt to get the problem tackled at l
33、ocal level, Congress in 2004 passed an act directing school districts that get money from the national school-lunch programme to create “wellness“ policies by the start of the 20062007 school year. The districts were told to set standards for nutrition, physical activity and education about good foo
34、d, then make sure that schools actually implement them. One year after the deadline, the results are haphazard. School districts plans range from a few paragraphs long to more than 25 pages. Some states, like Texas and Arkansas, have pre-emptively set standards for school districts under their autho
35、rity, forcing schools to ban fizzy drinks and junk food while increasing the amount of exercise the pupils take. Others offer guidelines rather than mandates, with no punishments for schools that dont comply. And in some areas, schools are being eased into change very slowly. Oregons legislature pas
36、sed a bill in June that gives its schools ten years to meet its new physical-education requirements.Last October the School Nutrition Association (SNA), a pressure group, analysed health policies from the 100 largest school districts in the country, which account for almost a quarter of the nations
37、primary-and secondary-school students. Many districts had indeed created guidelines for nutrition education, physical activity and school food, as required, but the rules tended to be fairly broad. Some policies merely defaulted to the state recommendations and some to the federal governments minima
38、l requirements. The physical-activity guidelines were also varied; only 62% of schools made physical education obligatory. Action for Healthy Kids, another schools oriented NGO, also looked at a smattering of policies last year. Of the 112 districts it analysed, only 30% specified a time requirement
39、 for physical-education classes and 42% offered only general guidelines for the sort of food and drink allowed to be sold in the schools. Cafeterias where nachos, French fries and cookies are tucked alongside and fresh fruit do not encourage children to eat well.11 From the first paragraph, we can l
40、earn that _ .（A）hypertension used to only happen to overweight adults in America（B） overweight children will live shorter than their peers（C） health problems caused by overweight will definitely lead to early death（D）all generations live longer than their parents12 The author intends to show in the
41、second paragragh_.（A）overweight is concerned with food and lack of exercises（B） fewer and fewer children are doing daily exercises nowadays（C） high schools shouldnt provide students snacks for lunch（D）the results of the investigations on high schools by CDC and GAO13 According to the passage, what i
42、s the purpose of the act passed by the Congress in 2004?（A）To regulate the schools involved in the school-lunch programme.（B） To make some adaptation to the school-lunch programme.（C） To solve childrens overweight problem fundamentally.（D）To set health standards for school districts to follow.14 The
43、 last paragragh implies that_.（A）state rules should be in accordance with those of the government（B） actions should be taken to improve the education system of America（C） schools should be blamed for childrens overweight problem（D）the health policies by school districts should be more strict14 About
44、 PainPain, unfortunately, is a horrible necessity of life. It protects people by alerting them to things that might injure them. But some long-term pain has nothing to do with any obvious injury. One estimate suggests that one in six adults suffer from a “chronic pain“ condition.Steve McMahon, a pai
45、n researcher at Kings College, London, says that if skin is damaged, for instance with a hot iron, an area of sensitivity develops around the outside of the burn where although untouched and undamaged by the iron the behavior of the nerve fibers is disrupted. As a result, heightened sensitivity and
46、abnormal pain sensations occur in the surrounding skin. Chronic pain, he says, may similarly be caused not by damage to the body, but because weak pain signals become amplified.This would also help explain why chronic pains such as lower-back fail to respond well to traditional pain therapies. Unexp
47、ected pains do not always come from the body. According to Irene Tracey, a pain researcher at the University of Oxford, how pain is experienced also depends upon a persons state of mind. If successive patients suffer the same burn, the extent to which it hurts will depend on whether one is anxious,
48、depressed, happy or distracted. Such ideas are being explored with brain scans which suggest that even if a low level of pain is being sent to the brain, the signal can be turned up by the “mind“ itself. Indeed, patients can even be tricked into feeling pain.In one experiment volunteers were given a
49、 powerful analgesic and subjected to a painful stimuluswhich, because of the analgesic, they could not feel. Then they were told the drug had worn off (although it had not), and subsequently complained that the stimulus hurt.People can, therefore, feel pain simply because it is expected. They can fail to feel pain for exactly the same reasons, for example when they are given placebos or are distracted. But although pain may be subjective, that does not mean t
