1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 46 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 If you become infected with even a single cold or flu virus, it quickly within minutes will enter one of your nose or lung cells, make many copies of its
2、elf and then the copies burst out of the damaged cell carrying with them a covering made from the old cell wall material. 21)_But since the new viruses are covered with cell wall material made from your own body, the white blood cells of your immune system cant see them. These many new viruses also
3、within minutes invade other nearby healthy cells and repeat the process. 22)_ But that very first infected cell, when it became destroyed by the infecting virus sent out a hormonal signal created by bursting the cell wall which causes two things to occur. First, the white blood cells stored in your
4、lymph nodes are sent out to seek and find the cause of the damaged cell. Second, a fever is induced.In order to raise your body temperature to create a fever the heat losses through your extremities, such as the hands, feet and skin are reduced by slowing down and constricting the peripheral blood f
5、low. This causes your hands, feet and skin to feel cold. You may even shiver. This occurs within several minutes of the first viral damage. This is called “catching a cold“ and the cold feeling is the first step to raising your core body temperature to above 101 degrees to stop any further viral rep
6、roduction and infection. 23)The term “catching a cold“ is generic and refers to the chilled feeling you get, caused by either a “cold“ which is due to a rhino virus or infection of the mucus lining of the nasal passages, or to an influenza or flu virus which only infects the lining of the lungs. 24)
7、_ But that usually occurs an hour or so later after the initial infection. If your immune system is not in good shape, you may end up with both. The medical term “rhino virus“ is from the Greek word “rhino“ meaning the “nose“ and refers to a viral infection of the nasal membranes which we normally c
8、all a cold. 25)_This comes from the times of the Crusades in the middle ages when armies of knights from western Europe, mostly England, France, Spain and Germany, first came into contact in the Middle Eastern Holy Land with merchant camel caravans, carryfag with them not only trade goods but many c
9、ases of pig-goose viral infections. The viral infections were probably in dried form on the cloth and trade goods, which only needed to be moistened to become reactivated.A Humans have genetically developed a natural method to defeat viral infections called a fever.B Without anything to stop it, wit
10、hin several hours that one single virus will have copied itself many millions of times quickly overwhelming your body.C The medical term “influenza“ comes from the Spanish word “influence“.D This covering is to protect the virus from attack since your body will attack and destroy all “foreign“ invad
11、ers.E By surrounding and swallowing up the infected cells and using chemicals to “eat“ or break apart all the material inside, the big macrophages effectively destroy the virus and stop the viral reproduction and infection.F The two are separate types of viruses. Whether you have a rhino or flu viru
12、s determines whether you begin to sneeze, with a runny nose from a cold, or begin to cough with lung congestion from a flu.G At this point you may feel achy and uncomfortable, with a chilled sensation and even a mild fever. You may even have sneezed a few times, caused by the nasal irritation of the
13、 invading virus.5 Habits are automatic behaviors that can be changed with patience and persistence. Many people believe their habits are inevitable behaviors or fear that it is useless to try and change such longstanding customs. However, if one is dedicated enough, bad habits can be changed; people
14、 only need to set goals and work seriously to achieve them.21. Keep track of when you do the behavior. Keep a notepad or journal handy.22. Read and think about what you write down. What does this habit do for you? Is it a way to deal with feelings of boredom, anxiety, stress, anger?23. Think of what
15、 you could do instead of the habit. That would be a more positive way to deal with the feelings or situation. Write down some simple alternative behaviors that you could do instead. Pick one you want to practice.24. Try to catch yourself when you find yourself doing the habit and stop yourself as so
16、on as you can. Start the alternative behavior you decided you wanted to do instead.25. Get support from others by letting them know you are working on the habit and telling them what they can do to help.Finally, be patient with yourself. Habits are so automatic and unconscious we dont realize we are
17、 doing it until we are already doing it! Be kind to yourself. Beating yourself up is another bad habit to be broken.A Students or professionals who are under a lot of stress and pressure often release their anxiety through nervous bodily movements, like shaking ones leg, which can be very distractin
18、g to others. In these situations, it helps to simply channel nervous energy into another, less disturbing, behavior, such as ceasing to shake ones leg and quietly doodling on paper instead.B Many compulsive nail-biters are so used to chewing their nails that they dont even realize theyre doing it. A
19、s soon as they become aware of the fact that they are biting their nails again, they should take a moment to think about the event. This way they can look back at what theyve recollected and see if there are any patterns, anything which might lead to an explanation of why they bite their nails.C Soo
20、n-to-be parents often struggle to quit smoking before their child is born. No matter how long a person has been smoking, however, as long as she or he is determined to quit, then all that remains is the implementation of said decision.D Women especially have internalized many social prejudices and o
21、ften have bad selfdeprecating habits as a result. For example, some women are constantly apologizing for simple errors, which can both make them feel inadequate or guilty, even if they are not at fault. Instead of saying “Im sorry“, perhaps it would be more appropriate to say “my mistake“. This way
22、one could express remorse without blaming oneself or feeling incompetent.E Some bad habits, like bad posture, are hard to adjust because people cannot see their own bodies and often do not realize they are slouching. In these cases it helps to find a close friend, or someone you spend a lot of time
23、with, who will keep an eye on your posture and remind you to stand up straight.F Dieters who are trying to eliminate sweets or other fatty foods from their diet often write down all the foods they have consumed in one day. The very act of writing their meals down can help dieters see how excessive t
24、heir eating habits actually are. It also helps to be able to look back at the first days of ones diet, and thereby gauge ones progress and success.10 A Developed green technologyB Animals are backC Better water qualityD Rapid development of innovationsE Legislation in actionF Forests are expandingSo
25、 heres the good news; Our air is cleaner, our lakes are purer, our forests are healthier, endangered species are recovering, toxic emissions are down, and acid rain has diminished dramatically. Eco-legislation, green organization, corporate cooperation and new inventions have all quietly steered our
26、 environment in a positive direction. Consider some of the environmental improvements the United States has witnessed over the last three decades.21Take a nice, big cleansing breath: According to the Environmental Protection Agency, emissions of the primary smog-causing chemicals from cars and truck
27、s have declined 54 percent since 1970, even though the number of registered cars and trucks has more than doubled, from 108, 407, 000 to 230, 428, 000.Keep breathing, because the fine particulates linked to respiratory disease, including those sometimes seen as soot, are down by about one third sinc
28、e 1979. The level of carbon monoxide, a dangerous odorless gas, is down 53 percent since 1970. And emissions of sulfur dioxide, often the major culprit behind acid rain, are down 49 percent since 1970.22Other environmental trends are equally encouraging. Water quality has improved, too, and rates of
29、 waterborne disease are also in decline. It is hard to believe, but just a generation ago, factories and municipal plants actually discharged untreated wastewater directly into riverstoday, though some raw sewage often makes it to waterways, almost all wastewater in the United States is treated befo
30、re discharge.23While air and water quality have been steadily improving, life itself has been making a comeback. Only one animal species is known to have gone extinct in the United States in the last 15 years, the dusky seaside sparrow. During that same period, numerous other species once described
31、as certain to become extinct, including the Arctic peregrine falcon, the brown pelican, the gray whale, and the bald eagle, our beloved national emblem, have recovered sufficiently enough that they are no longer classified as imperiled.24Species are recovering partly due to the fact that the foreste
32、d portion of the United States continues to remain stable, despite a recent real estate boom. High-yield agriculture has enabled millions of acres of farmland to be retired from cultivation and returned to forest.For example, early in the 19th century, the state of Connecticut was 25 percent of the
33、forest; today, Connecticut is fully 59 percent forested, though its population has increased twelvefold, from 275, 000 to 3.46 million, since then. Many other states show a similar dynamic of higher farm production coupled with the stable forest acreage.25Today, it is estimated that new cars and lig
34、ht trucks emit just 3 to 4 percent of the amount of pollution that a new car would have emitted in 1968, before regulation; soon cars emitting less than 1 percent could be seen driving around your neighborhood.Other inventions, such as an enormous device known as the electrostatic precipitator, have
35、 reduced severe emissions from power-plant smokestacks, eliminated toxic substances from manufacturing processes, and replaced CFCs, the chemicals that cause ozone-layer depletion, with other more benign compounds.Do the positive trends mean that environmental protection is no longer a concern? Abso
36、lutely not. Many problems remain, among them the loss of wildlife habitant in suburban expansion areas, chemical runoff from nearly unrestricted agriculture. But just bear this in mind: in every place where nations have imposed strict environmental standards, negative trends turned to positive very
37、quickly. Now that is a reason to say Happy Earth Day!15 A This October, Citibabes. one of a number of new private clubs for children (and their parents) is to open in SoHo near her home. For specially selected people like Ms. Delia Femina, who is one of 19 people on Citibabes board, membership will
38、mean that they no longer have to decide between a bikini wax and baby ballet. Citibabes joins Kidville, a 20, 000-square-foot space on the Upper East Side that opened in January. Unlike Citibabes, to which only 1, 000 will be invited to be founding members at $ 1, 250 a year, Kidville is open to any
39、 family with a child enrolled in a class. Fees beginat $ 595 a semester.B Peter Stearns, a social historian and the author of “Anxious Parents: A History of Modern Childrearing in America“ (New York University Press, 2003), said the development of such clubs “reflects parents status concerns and the
40、ir anxiety also“. Not only do the clubs reveal that parents think the outside world is dangerous and that children must be sheltered, he said, but “its clearly an effort to teach social class pretty early“.C Before her daughter was born, Jodi Delia Feminas week stretched out full of opportunities to
41、 fit in the little things. In addition to four visits a week to the celebrity-friendly Radu gym, there was time for manicures and pedicures. The arrival of little Annabel Kim two years ago put an end to that. Now Ms. Delia Femina gets her exercise from pushing a stroller and taking an occasional mot
42、her-baby yoga class. Manicures and pedicures are done on an emergency basis. But Ms. Delia Femina sees help in sight.D In an age when mothers struggle to nurture their childrens happiness and accelerated development while at the same time remaining socially viable and a size 4, clubs like Citibabes
43、are the latest in parental indulgence. Equal parts Gymboree and Soho House, the clubs offer novel learning opportunities for children alongside pampering opportunities for mothers and fathers (not to mention social networking).E While the owners of both Kidville and Nanas Garden stress that they are
44、 open to anyone who can pay the fees of about $ 1, 200 a year, Ms. Gordon and Ms. Frost see Citibabes invitation-only membership as key to its appeal. “People might be frustrated at first that its members-only, “ said Ms. Delia Femina. “But I think that unfortunately in New York there is a necessity
45、 to keep things small, because otherwise you cant enjoy it. There is something nice about having that small community. “F Pilaf Guzman, Cookies 35-year-old editor in chief, compares the new clubs to day care options available in many European countries for free. “If you can get around the elitism an
46、d the fact that they cater to a certain kind of woman, kids clubs reinforce the idea that pampering yourself and being a good parent are not mutually exclusive, “ she said. “Whatever criticism these clubs are getting, the basic philosophical kernel shouldnt be criticized. “G While many adult members
47、 of the clubs extol their convenience and the community they find there, some worry about the message it sends. “Im against the whole concept, “ said Mrs. Rockefeller, a 36-year-old mother of four who took her 2-year-old son, Teddy, to Kidville. After a few classes, she pulled him out. “Its too urba
48、n, over the top, “ Mrs. Rockefeller said. “Its hard sitting at the table and keeping kids quiet because it requires effort on the part of the parents, but thats your job. No one said it was going to be easy. “Order:20 The Khufu Pyramids, quite possibly the most well-known of these great antediluvian
49、 colossus, sit on a stretch of desert just outside of Cairo. After many years of grueling research in Egypt, archeologists, hunting day in and day out, have not only extracted artifacts from the ruins, but many previously unknown facts about the life of the ancients. Relics from the past not only allow us to derive many conclusions about life at the heart of civilizations dawn, but also let us examine the present and potentially even explore the mysteries of the future.21. The afterlife
