1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 472 及答案与解析Part B (10 points) 0 Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now.【C1】_.Very occasiona
2、lly the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and
3、 even of its climate.【C2 】_. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.【C3 】_. There were a
4、lso crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an i
5、nch or two long but some were 2 feet.【C4 】_. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these c
6、an be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.【C5 】_.About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now exti
7、nct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as
8、 fossils, from them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water,
9、appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.DThe best inde
10、x fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world.EThe earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of
11、 the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.FWhen an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably
12、sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.GMany factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression
13、, or simply reduced to a more stable form.1 【C1 】2 【C2 】3 【C3 】4 【C4 】5 【C5 】5 AThe first and more important is the consumers growing preference for eating out; consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000
14、 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They
15、 tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative. BRetail sales of food and drink in Europe s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,
16、 with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. CWill such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the f
17、ood and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both
18、 domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold. DAll in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logisti
19、cs, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their cu
20、stomer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched
21、 competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed, too. EDespite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined France, Germany, Italy and Spainare made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-a
22、nd-pop grocery stores, which unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they dont eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these busi
23、nesses are known in the trade as “horeca“: hotels, restaurants and cafes. Overall, Europes wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends. FFor example, wholesale food and drink sales come
24、to $168 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and c
25、hanges in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. GHowever, none of these requirements should deter large retailers(and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers)from trying their hand, for those that master th
26、e intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains. Order: 10 ANo disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm as the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to ge
27、t a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees. BHis concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22%
28、 of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agre
29、e on what a “general education“ should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read“they form a sort of social glue. CEqually unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few p
30、osts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awarded more bachelors degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-
31、writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. DOne reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education sho
32、uld be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in law, medicine or business, future doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualificati
33、on. EBesides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public money for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by
34、half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowle
35、dge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.“ So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the production of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. FThe key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to a
36、lter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.“ Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached from the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.“ Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and m
37、ore holistic.“ Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say. GThe subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere.
38、For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully. Order: 考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 472 答案与解析Part B (10 points) 【知识模块】 阅读1 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 画线处位于第一段末尾，考查画线处前后的语义关系发现，前文中说动物灭绝了，暗含的意 思是我们不可能得到这些动物的任何信息，而后面的句子说我们可以
39、对这些动物形成准确的 印象，因此，前后文形成了明显的对比关系，四个选项中能够表达这种关系的，只有 B 项。此 外，第二段开头 Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin，rocks 的前面使用了定冠词 the 修饰，这表明 rocks 在前文中一定出现过，但第一段中并没有出现关于 rocks 的内容，冈此 可以确定，关于 rocks 的内容一定出现在要填入的选项中。B 项中出现了动物的骨骼被保存在 the rocks 中变成化石的论述，由此可以判断 B 项是正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读2 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 本题出现在第三段
40、首句，从答题策略来看，应当重点看后文的叙述，后文中 water 重复了 两遍，说明 water 是本段落的重点信息。同时这一信息很可能会在上下文中出现，即我们要填入 的信息中出现 water 的复现词或同义词。对比选项，F 项中出现了 lake，stream，river，sea 等同类 词汇，因此可以判断 F 项为正确答案。本题最大的干扰项为 G 项，因为 G 项一开始就有 how fossils ate preserved 与下文 Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks所表达的内容 从形式上来看似乎是吻合的
41、；但是 G 项后面讲的是动物遗体上的有机组织(organism) 可能转化 成几种形式，而本题空白处后面的内容则告诉人们Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action，语义上主要说明水的运动对于化石保存下来所起的作 用，因此两者在语义的衔接上是不连贯的。【知识模块】 阅读3 【正确答案】 E【试题解析】 本题选择的特征词是“also”。“also”表并列关系，语义上对前文进行补充和说明，这就证明 本题前面的句子中应当与 also 后的 crablike creatures
42、(类似螃蟹的生物)相并列的内容，或者出 现了有关“类似螃蟹的生物”的描述的信息。比较选项可以发现，E 项中出现的信息 Later forms are more complex，and among these are the sealilies，relations of the starfishes，which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed，or to rocks 描述了一些生物具有“类似螃蟹 的信息”：had long arins and were attached by a long stalk
43、to the sea bed，or to rock(有长触角且通 过长茎吸附到海床或岩石上)。因此，E 项是正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读4 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 下文一开始就出现了指示代词 these，这说明试题前面的句子表明了一类事物，也就是说， 试题部分应该有“some，several，many” 或类似的词，对比答案只能是 A 项 The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known里面出现了 many different kinds of，这 个短语和后面的指示代词 th
44、ese 形成了对应关系。【知识模块】 阅读5 【正确答案】 C【试题解析】 文章前面几段讲的都是动物不断进化的过程，而下文中的时间状语About 75 million years ago the Age ofReptiles was over 表明文章对地球上动物进化过程的描写很有可能是按照时间顺 序，因此本题所在的段落和下面的段落很可能存在时间上的延续关系，即本题所在的段落很可 能会提到比 75 million years ago更早的时间。通过对比选项可知 C 项中的两个表示时间的短语 375 million years和 150 million years 和下一个段落中提到的时间状语具
45、有了延续性，是正确答 案。此外，划线处后的 About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out 中的 Reptile 在前文中从没有提到，在下文中又没有作为新信息，因而正确答案的选项中 一定有这个词。只有 C 项中有 The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land，in the sea，a
46、nd in the sea，and in the air，所以正确答 案只能是 C项。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读6 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 文章的结构应是：提出问题一分析问题一解决问题。B 项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面 临的问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章的中心问题，而且本项中也不需要上文的补充呼 应，其他选项都有关键词要求和上文相衔接，不可能在首段出现，故 B 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读7 【正确答案】 F【试题解析】 第一段确定为 B 项，其最后一句话“But”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着发展停滞的问 题，他们却忽略了一个潜在的市场就是他们身边的“wholesa
47、lle food and trade”。而 F 项中的 第一句话便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家的食品批发产业的市场规模比食品零售产业要 大 40。在“Moreover“ 后，又进一步说明批发的利润在很大程度上高于零售的利润。因此可以判 断此项是针对第一段进行的举例说明，故 F 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读8 【正确答案】 D【试题解析】 上一段(F 项)讲的是食品批发商的优势，而 D 项第一句“All in all，this clearly seems to be a market in which”是总结性的句子，显然是对上文的总结，这是从“All in all” 这个关键词看出来的
48、， 即上文中提到的食品批发的优势。由此可以推出这是针对“big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”的“market”。因此 D 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读9 【正确答案】 G【试题解析】 上段(D 段)最后一句提出的“particular abilities” 以及“New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too”，即零售商也需要一些新技能及不为人熟知的商业模式。而 G 项第一句提到的 “these requirements(这些要求)”指的就是上面提
49、到的技能。因此 G 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读10 【正确答案】 A【试题解析】 此题可用排除法。现在可用的只有 A 项和 C 项。根据文意的分析，发现前文 E 项中最后 一句“two opposing trends”在 A 项中得到了体现，即一方面由于人们更多地外出就餐增加了对食 品批发的需求，而另一方面人们又开始感到焦虑。而 C 项第一句提到“such variations”，在上文中 找不到对应的替代内容，故排除。因此可以推出 A 项为正确答案。【知识模块】 阅读【知识模块】 阅读11 【正确答案】 B【试题解析】 从给出的开头段落 G，可以看出这是一篇介绍 Louis Menand 的The Marketplace of Ideas： Reform and Resistance in the American University 和他观点的文章，紧接着下面就应该讲他书中阐 释的问题和他的观点，只有 B 项和F 项首句再次提到了 Louis Menand。B 项中开头一句提到 “his concern” ，暗示提出问题，指出美国大学存在的主要问题。从结构上来看，B 项内容能够与 G 项衔接，故正确答
