1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 63 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 Immigration is in the headlines again, with President Obamas decision last week to stop deporting young illegal immigrants who came to the United States
2、as children, and the Supreme Courts approaching decision on the constitutionality of Arizonas crackdown on undocumented migrants. But too much of the public debate has focused on the legality of immigration without considering a more fundamental question; What effects has mass immigration had on Ame
3、rican society?For the May issue of the Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, some of the most careful research was commissioned done about the effects of immigration on a cross section of A-merican communities urban, suburban and rural. The scholars who participated were in
4、 remarkable a-greement: while new immigrants are poorer than the general population and face considerable hardship, there is no evidence that they have reshaped the social fabric in harmful ways.America is neither less safe because of immigration nor is it worse off economically. In fact, in the reg
5、ions where immigrants have settled in the past two decades, crime has gone down, cities have grown, poor urban neighborhoods have been rebuilt, and small towns that were once on life support are springing back. Scholars cant say for sure that immigration caused these positive developments, but we kn
6、ow e-nough to reject the notion that immigrants worsen social ills.Scholars found that immigrant youths in Los Angeles were involved in less crime and violence than their native-born peers in similar economic circumstances. Research also has shown that an increase in immigration in cities like San A
7、ntonio and Miami did not produce an increase in the homicide rate. Furthermore, social scientists found that people in immigrant communities in New York were less cynical a-bout the law than were people in less diverse communities; they were also more likely to indicate that they would cooperate wit
8、h the police.If migration has had such beneficial effects, why, then, has there been such a persistent backlash? Part of the answer surely lies in the social changes language, political attitudes, religious mores -that immigrants bring, in addition to the effects of the recession. The leveling-off o
9、f migration, especially from Mexico, may bring a sense of relief to opponents of these social changes, but if the new research is any guide, the consequences of the slowdown may be the opposite of what the critics intend.Mr. Obamas decision to exempt undocumented children who were brought to the Uni
10、ted States by their parents from harsh deportation rules is an overdue, but welcome, first step. Establishing a clear path to citizenship for undocumented adults, creating a more permissive guest-worker program and preserving families rather than separating them through deportation are controversial
11、 ideas, but they deserve a hearing.1 Its suggested in Paragraph 1 that_.（A）President Obama backs legalizing undocumented migrants（B） Arizonas crackdown on migrants violates the Constitution（C） the legality of immigration found much public support（D）the impact of immigration gets insufficient attenti
12、on2 On which of the following would scholars agree, according to Paragraphs 2 and 3?（A）Immigrants have been appraised negatively.（B） Immigrants have worsened social ills.（C） Immigrants have pulled down the average living standards.（D）Immigrants have reshaped the social fabric beneficially.3 To show
13、the desirable effects of immigration, the author makes use of_.（A）illustration（B） comparison（C） explanation（D）induction4 “The critics“(Line 5, Para. 5)most probably refers to those on the side of_.（A）President Obama（B） Supreme Court（C） Arizona state government（D）Scholars in the research5 To handle t
14、he immigration question, the author suggests_.（A）deporting undocumented adults（B） abolishing harsh deportation rules（C） establishing a guest-worker program（D）holding immigrant families together5 There is a substantial body of evidence showing that HIV causes AIDSand that antiretroviral treatment(ART
15、)has turned the viral infection from a death sentence into a chronic disease. Yet a small group of AIDS denialists keeps alive the conspiratorial argument that ART is harmful and that HIV science has been corrupted by commercial interests. Unfortunately, AIDS denialists have had a disproportionate e
16、ffect on efforts to stem the AIDS epidemic. In 2000, South African President Thabo Mbeki took these claims seriously, opting to debate the issue, thus delaying the introduction of ART into the South African public health sector. At least 330,000 South Africans died unnecessarily as a result.The “her
17、o scientist“ of AIDS denialism, University of California, Berkeley, virologist Peter Dues-berg, argues that HIV is a harmless passenger virus and that ART is toxic, even a cause of AIDS. He has done no clinical research on HIV and ignores the many rebuttals of his claims in the scientific literature
18、. In 1993, John Maddox, then editor of Nature, complained that Duesberg was “wrongly using tendentious arguments to confuse understanding of AIDS,“ and that because he was not engaging as a scientist, he would no longer be granted an automatic “right of reply“ .Efforts by scientists to defend scienc
19、e are supplemented by pro-science activists operating on the Internet. Physician, author, and blogger Ben Goldacre argued in his Guardian column Bad Science that a “ragged band of bloggers from all walks of life“ has been very successful at exposing pseudoscientific claims and fraudulent alternative
20、 practitioners selling quack cures. The Internet now poses a double-edged sword for AIDS denialists. It is becoming a tougher place for people to insulate themselves in a comfortable cocoon of the like-minded. While the web allows denialists to advertise their ideas and build networks, it also expos
21、es potential converts to scientific rebuttals of their claims, as well news about the deaths of the “living icons“ -high-profile HIV-positive people who rejected ART.The key living icon for AIDS denialism was Christine Maggiore. She founded Alive & Well AIDS Alternatives(an organization with Duesber
22、g on its board), campaigned against the use of ART to prevent mothers passing HIV to their babies, and met President Mbeki. Despite her 3-year-old daughters succumbing to AIDS, Maggiore remained staunchly opposed to HIV science and ART. She opted for alternative therapies and died at the age of 52,
23、from AIDS-related infections.Scientists often have a tough time responding to antiscience conspiracy theories because their integrity is impugned by the conspiratorial moves made against them. But precisely because living icons like Maggiore lent credence to AIDS denialism by appearing to offer “liv
24、ing proof“ that the science of HIV pathogenesis and treatment is wrong, pro-science activists maintain a list of denialists who have died of AIDS. The weapons of science and reason are still very much in contention, but the gloves have come off in a broader struggle over credibility.6 It can be lear
25、ned from the first paragraph that_.（A）ART is double-effected（B） HIV science is challenged（C） AIDS research is dishonest（D）AIDS denialism is prevalent7 In Maddoxs opinion, Duesbergs arguments are_.（A）solid（B） empirical（C） appealing（D）biased8 Its implied in Paragraph 3 that_.（A）pro-science activists c
26、ome from different backgrounds（B） Ben Goldacre makes no criticism of alternative medicine（C） AIDS denialists find it harder to integrate into the like-minded（D）living icons play a counterproductive role in AIDS denialism9 In the authors view, living icons like Maggiore serve in the HIV science as_.（
27、A）a powerful weapon（B） a double-edged sword（C） a feeble angel（D）a wicked devil10 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?（A）Double-sidedness of ART.（B） HIV Science in Action.（C） The Monster of AIDS Denialism.（D）The Fight against AIDS Conspiracy.10 Conventional display ads are sim
28、ply wasteful, says Jakob Nielsen of GroupM, a large media buyer. Say a company wants to reach young men. It might buy ads on the sports section of a large portal such as Yahoo!. But it will also be paying for the women who visit that page. If it also buys ads on the sports section of another large p
29、ortal, such as Microsofts MSN. com, it will pay twice for the people who frequent both web pages.Real-time bidding helps solve these problems by allowing marketers to buy known audiences. Click to open a web page and an automated auction begins. Firms bid to serve an advertisement, taking into accou
30、nt where it will appear and what they know about the presumed viewer from digital traces he has unconsciously left around the web. The winner serves the advertisement, often customising itso you may see more ads for convertible cars on a sunny day. The whole process generally takes some 150 millisec
31、onds, or less than half the blink of an eye.But the growth of real-time bidding may prove highly disruptive. An auction system allows everyone to discover the real value of online ads. It also provides a wealth of data to advertisers about the behaviour of their target audiences. These days some med
32、ia firms can charge relatively high rates for online ads on the grounds that their websites are frequented by the young or the affluent. Increasingly, advertisers are learning how to reach the same people on other websites, for less money.As Mr Nielsen of GroupM puts it, the conversation between buy
33、ers and sellers of advertising is becoming unbalanced, with the former often armed with more data than the latter. Some media firms have responded by selling fewer ads through middlemen, in real time or otherwise. But that may mean ads go unsold. Media firms can also tilt the balance by discovering
34、more about their customers than can be collected through auctions. The obvious way to do this is to force people to register for websites, or even to pay(which reveals their credit-card details and where they live). In short, content is no longer king online. Information about users is what really m
35、atters.Regulators may yet hinder the growth of real-time bidding. Targeted advertising is drawing anxious scrutiny from congressmen and journalists. A Wall Street Journal investigation into online tracking last year found that its own website dropped 60 digital markers onto a visiting computer. Befo
36、re May 25th European governments must incorporate a privacy directive that is expected to make it easier for users to opt out of targeted ads. A confusing patchwork of laws may result.But few expect radical change. So quickly has targeted advertising advanced that a ban would severely disrupt the in
37、ternet economy. Web users are more likely to see little icons identifying targeted ads. If the past is any guide, people will learn to ignore them, too.11 It is suggested real-time bid ads help advertisers to_.（A）ease competition among themselves（B） lower their operational costs（C） hold a stable cus
38、tomer base（D）provide better online services12 Its implied in Paragraph 2 that real-time bidding features_.（A）online tracking services（B） random competition（C） precision targeting（D）strong user traffic13 The growth of real-time bidding may prove disruptive because_.（A）the real value of real-time bid
39、ads loses transparency（B） digital information of target audiences falls into advertisers hands（C） online ads are charged with higher rates by media firms（D）the balance between media firms and advertisers is disturbed14 Which of the following is crucial to the world of real-time bidding, according to
40、 Paragraph 4?（A）Medium of communication between ad buyers and sellers.（B） Harmony of ad buyers and sellers.（C） Data about behaviour of users.（D）Information that online ads deliver.15 The authors attitude towards the ban on targeted advertising is one of_.（A）disapproval（B） appreciation（C） tolerance（D
41、）skepticism15 Now that 2012 is over, the Wall Street Journal is pondering whether the e-reader era is coming to an end. Although the story stops short of using the “D“ word, it notes that e-reader sales hit their peak in 2011, fell sharply in 2012 and will continue to slide in the years ahead. The s
42、tory dwells on the standard reasons for the e-readers forthcoming troubles: Full-featured tablets can read e-books and do much more, and the price gap between e-readers and cheap tablets has narrowed, so its harder to justify buying a single-purpose e-reader.While its provocative to declare in gener
43、al terms that once-popular technologies are on their way out, Id rather think about what the actual effects may be.For one thing, e-readers arent going away anytime soon, at least not until their unique properties can be matched by inexpensive tablets. The fact that e-readers are cheap, are easy to
44、read even in sunlight and can last long on a single battery charge means they can be nice to have around, even if you own a more expensive tablet. Theres also something to be said for their compulsory focus on reading, which eliminates the distractions that tablets provide.Theres no threat of forced
45、 retirement either, because the e-reader business is different from televisions, where vendors must push newer and better technologies in hopes of raising profit margins. Companies like Amazon arent making money on hardware, but are on books purchased through the device, so even as the cost of an e-
46、reader approaches zero, it remains a worthy business. If anything, e-readers are more of a sure bet for e-look sales than tablets, where users can stay entertained with free apps and the web.The question, then, is whether e-readers will remain a phenomenon. Thats a trickier one to answer, but I dont
47、 think e-readers have stopped being interesting yet. In the past couple years, weve seen the rise of touchscreen e-readers, and theres still room to lower the cost of those features. There may be other innovations as well, such as flexible E-Ink screens to improve portability.For e-readers, the futu
48、re probably looks a lot like it does for the dedicated MP3 player, and thats far from disastrous. Apple still sells its iPod Classic, despite years of predictions about its forthcoming death. And the iPod Nano turned into smart watch territory before becoming a credit card-sized music and video play
49、er. These devices didnt go aways they just became better at their core competencies.The Wall Street Journal acknowledges many of these points, but nonetheless asserts that the “e-reader era“ might be over. But even in dedicated e-readers best year, they were overshadowed by tablets. And though tablets will likely keep growing while the e-reader market slips, lots of that growth comes at the cost of laptops as well. The reality is that e-readers never had an era of their own to begin with. T
