1、考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷 9 及答案与解析Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)0 The Trade Protection Society Doctrine in the CrisisComparisons to the Depression feature are in almost every discussion of the global economic crisis. In
2、world trade, such parallels are especially chilling. Trade declined alarmingly in the early 1930s as global demand imploded, prices collapsed and governments embarked on a destructive, protectionist spiral of higher tariffs and retaliation.Trade is contracting again, at a rate unmatched in the post-
3、war period. This week the WTO predicted that the volume of global merchandise trade would shrink by 9% this year. This will be the first fall in trade flows since 1982. Between 1990 and 2006 trade volumes grew by more than 6% a year, outstripping the growth rate of world output, which was about 3 %
4、. Now the global economic machine has gone into reverse: output is declining and trade is tumbling at a faster pace. The turmoil has shaken commerce in goods of all sorts, bought and sold by rich and poor countries alike.It is too soon to talk of a new protectionist spiral. Nevertheless, errors of p
5、olicy risk make a bad thing worsedespite politicians promises to keep markets open. When they met in November, the leaders of the G20 rich and emerging economies declared that they would eschew protectionism and will doubtless do so again when they meet on April 2nd. But this pledge has not been hon
6、oured. According to the World Bank, 17 members of the group have taken a total of 47 trade restricting steps since November.Modern protectionism is more subtle and varied than the 1930s version. In the Depression tariffs were the weapon of choice. Americas Smoot-Hawley act, passed in 1930, increased
7、 nearly 900 American import duties and provoked widespread retaliation from Americas trading partners. A few tariffs have been raised this time, but tighter licensing requirements, import bans and anti-dumping have also been used. Rich countries have included discriminatory procurement provisions in
8、 their fiscal-stimulus bills and offered subsidies to ailing national industries. These days, protectionism comes in 57 varieties.There are good reasons for thinking that the world has less to fear from protectionism than in the past. International agreements to limit tariffs, built over the post-wa
9、r decades, are a safeguard against all-out tariff wars. The growth of global supply chains, which have bound national economies together tightly, have made it more difficult for governments to increase tariffs without harming producers in their own countries.But these defences may not be strong enou
10、gh. Multilateral agreements provide little insurance against domestic subsidies, fiercer use of anti-dumping or the other forms of creeping protection.1 The word “outstripping“ (Line 8, Para. 2) most probably means_.（A）surpassing（B） increasing（C） decreasing（D）being beneath2 G20 summit is cited as an
11、 example to_.（A）show rich and emerging economies are of one mind in tackling depression（B） prove therell be no protectionism with the pledge of 20 rich and emerging economies（C） show that protectionism is still adopted even though theres formal pledge of no application of it（D）show 17 out of 20 memb
12、ers of the G20 have taken a total of 47 trade-restricting steps3 What is the new feature in this depression compared with its 1930s version?（A）It has put fierce effects upon rich and poor countries alike.（B） Protectionism has been adopted in protecting national finance.（C） Tariffs, licensing require
13、ments and import bans are adopted for protection.（D）Modern protectionism takes more subtle and varied forms in protection.4 What does the author aim to convey through the text?（A）The 1930s Depression witnessed many forms of financial protectionism.（B） The depression this year witnessed more forms of
14、 financial protectionism.（C） Modern protectionism is more subtle and varied than the 1930s version.（D）When it comes to worldwide depression, its unavoidable to use protectionism.5 From the text, we can infer all the following EXCEPT that_.（A）to protect national interests, governments tend to take de
15、structive, protectionist activities facing global economic crisis（B） the global economic crisis this time has put influence on all sorts of goods and both rich and poor countries（C） though leaders of the G20 promise not to take protectionism, most of them have turned out to break their promise（D）hig
16、her tariffs are not preferred this time than before because nations are determined not to take protectionism any longer5 The Network Advertises a Growing of IndustryRupert Murdoch once described them as the “rivers of gold“the lucrative classified advertising revenues that flowed into big newspaper
17、groups. But the golden rivers are being diverted online as the Internet breaks the grip that local and regional newspapers once held over their advertising markets.Typically, a local newspaper would expect to get some 80% of its revenue from advertising, of which around two-thirds would come from cl
18、assifieds. But last year in the San Francisco Bay area, job ads worth some $ 60m were lost from newspapers to the web, reckons Classified Intelligence, a consultancy. Emap, a British publisher, recently gave warning of a 30% decline in recruitment ads in one of its titles, Nursing Times, following t
19、he launch of a free website for jobs in Britains National Health Service.The Internet has become the fastest-growing advertising medium. Online ad revenues reached $5.8 billion in the first six months of this year in America, up 26% on the same period last year, according to a joint study by the Int
20、eractive Advertising Bureau and Pricewaterhouse-Coopers. In Britain, online ad revenues surged by 62% in the same period to almost 500m ( $ 870m).Search advertisingthe small text-ads that appear alongside Google and Yahoo! searchesaccount for 40% of the online ad market. Another 20% goes to display
21、ads and 18% to classified advertising. But search advertising can also work like a small ad and will increasingly challenge print classifieds as websites develop localized and more elaborate services for online users.Perhaps the most significant development came on November 16th, when Google started
22、 up a prototype service called Google Base. It offers a searchable database of free listings, including small ads which can be narrowed down to postal regions. Among its first offerings were used cars. In no time, Google could challenge eBay, whose own auction listings now work much like a giant cla
23、ssified websiteespecially with its “buy-it-now“ options. But eBay charges sellers. Even so, it sold more than 450m items in the three months to September 30th, for almost $ 11 billion.In response, most print publishers are expanding online. Mr. Murdoch is buying websites including Propertyfinder and
24、 MySpace, a social-networking site. Newspaper groups have teamed up to, jointly operate websites to compete with Monster for recruitment ads. But the online operators are expanding too. eBay, for instance, is building a global network of classified sites under the Kijiji brand. It also has a stake i
25、n the popular Craigslist which, having soaked up so many listings around its San Francisco home, is now frightening other newspapers as it expands its mostly-free ads service to other cities around the world.6 By saying “the golden rivers are being diverted“ ( Lines 4 5, Para. 1 ), the author means_
26、.（A）newspapers earn a lot from ads（B） the money flow like rivers into websites（C） newspapers began to share the ad revenues with websites（D）websites took away many ad revenues from newspapers7 According to the passage, newspaper is losing profits in job ads because_.（A）their prices are too high（B） t
27、he employment rate is quite good（C） Internet company provides free services（D）competition among newspapers is tight8 The challenge that newspapers faced from the website is_.（A）the small text-ads that appear alongside search engines（B） the localization of website and more elaborate service（C） the di
28、splay ads（D）the classified ads9 It can be inferred that eBay_.（A）has a prototype service（B） has similar ads service like Google（C） is featured by its auction listings（D）offers a searchable database of free listings10 What can be predicted from the last paragraph?（A）Newspapers are now operating their
29、 own websites.（B） Websites begin to involve in the traditional newspaper business.（C） Competition on ads will be tighter in the future.（D）Newspapers might also provide free ads service.10 Teachers Labor Cost and Post NegotiationThe President of the Washington Teachers Union has told members that he
30、hopes to have details of a proposed contract ready for their review after they return from spring break on April 6, a sign that the negotiations that began in late 2007 might be coming to an end. In an e-mail to teachers Wednesday night, George Parker said the union is “finalizing discussions“ with
31、the D. C. school system on a tentative agreement, which is expected to include a 20 percent salary increase over five years, a voluntary pay-for-performance plan and increased latitude for Chancellor Michelle A. Rhee to fire or reassign teachers. “There still are a few technical issues we are workin
32、g to resolve, but I hope to have an announcement and details on the new tentative agreement ready when you return from spring break,“ he wrote.Parker could not be reached Thursday to comment. Rhee said the two sides are “ getting closer “ but stopped short of confirming Parkers timetable. The length
33、y talks have been marked by several points at which agreement seemed near. “I dont feel that in good conscience I can say anything and have credibility,“ Rhee said.Several hurdles remain before the labor deal is finalized, including ratification by the unions rank-and-file members and the D.C. Counc
34、il. Prior to that, D. C. Chief Financial Officer Natwar M. Gandhi must certify that money for raises is available. Rhee is expected to fund a significant portion of the raises with donations from private foundations. A Gandhi spokesman said Thursday that the office has yet to receive any information
35、 from Rhee.During the talks, Rhee has refused to name the donors or discuss details of their commitments. Sources have said over the past two years that possible contributors include the Broad Foundations and the Walton Family Foundation. Asked how transparent she is prepared to be with Gandhi about
36、 the sources of the private money, Rhee responded: “Totally. “ “We are operating under the assumption that he would need to have all of that,“ she said.Parker and Rhee both have every incentive to wrap up the contract. Parker faces a challenge from WTU General Vice President Nathan Saunders in union
37、 elections scheduled for May. Without a deal that puts more money in teachers pockets, he could face a tough race. In Saunders, Rhee would be dealing with a new union president who has been among her most bitter critics.The contract talks have been viewed nationally as a potentially precedent-settin
38、g showdown. The talks pit Rheewho seeks to limit seniority-based job security for teachersagainst Randi Weingarten, president of the politically potent American Federation of Teachers, the WTUs parent organization, who wants to protect her member yet still position the union as a force for reform.11
39、 What can we learn from George Parkers e-mail to teachers?（A）He urged the teachers to return from spring break on April 6.（B） The union will quit the negotiations that began in late 2007.（C） The unions long lasted negotiations will reach an end.（D）The Chancellor will get an increased power on salary
40、.12 Which of the following statements is CORRECT about Rhee?（A）She has lost confidence in the negotiations with Parker.（B） She has talked with Gandhi to certify the money for raising.（C） She has attracted most of the raises from private donations.（D）She has no certainty in the accomplishment of the
41、agreement.13 As to the donors, Rhee_.（A）will let Gandhi to make the final decision（B） will keep them secret before her talk with Gandhi（C） has already talked about them with Gandhi secretly（D）prefers the Broad Foundations and the Walton Family Foundation14 The word “pit“ in Paragraph 6 probably mean
42、s_.（A）to put into negotiation（B） to put into competition（C） to make into cooperation（D）to make into reconciliation15 What does this passage mainly deal with?（A）The coming elections of the Washington Teachers Union in May.（B） The voluntary pay-for-performance plan by the D.C. School System.（C） The do
43、nations from private foundations on the raises of teachers salary.（D）The negotiations of the Washington Teachers Union and the D. C. Council.15 Moneys Muddled MessageBack in 2002 Ben Bemanke, then still a Federal Reserve governor, declared that “under a paper-money system, a determined government ca
44、n always generate higher spending and hence positive inflation“. That does not mean it is easy.On March 18th Americas inflation rate was reported at 0.2% , year on year. Later the Fed said “ inflation could persist for a time“ at uncomfortably low levels. Yet some economists and investors insist hig
45、h inflation, even hyperinflation, is lurking in the wings. They have two sources of concern. The first is motive: the world is deleveraging, i.e. , trying to reduce the ratio of its debts to income. Policymakers might secretly prefer to do that through higher inflation, which lifts nominal incomes,
46、than through the painful processes of cutting spending and retiring debt, or default. The second is captured by the Feds announcement that it plans to purchase $ 300 billion in Treasury bonds and an additional $ 850 billion of mortgage-related debt, bringing such purchases to $ 1.75 trillion in tota
47、l, all paid for by printing money. It is not alone: around the world, central-bank balance-sheets have ballooned.This is scary stuff to those who swear by Milton Friedmans dictum that “ inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.“ But the role of the money supply in creating inflation
48、is less obvious than monetarism suggests.The quantity theory of money holds that the money supply, multiplied by the rate at which it circulates (called velocity), equals nominal income. Nominal income in turn is the product of real output and prices. But does money supply directly boost nominal inc
49、ome, or does nominal income affect velocity and the demand for money? The mechanism is murky.Central banks control the narrowest measure of the money supply, called the monetary basetypically, currency plus the reserves that commercial banks hold with the central bank. But the relationships between the monetary base, broader monetary aggregates and nominal income is highly unstable.Central banks have mostly given up trying to target inflation via the money supply. Instead, they st
