1、英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 5 及答案与解析一、翻译1 The famous translation theorist Peter Newmark(1916-2011)proposed two strategies for translationMake a comparison of the two translation strategies(武汉大学 2012 研，考试科目：综合英语)2 Translate the following terms into Chinese(武汉大学 2010 研，考试科目：英语综合)Tower of Babel3 Vulgate4 The
2、Schleiermacher Model5 Hermeneutic Translation6 Hybridity7 Make some comments in English on The Definition of Translation and the Phenomenon of Untranslatability(武汉大学 2010 研，考试科目：英语综合)8 Answer the following questions briefly(大连理工大学 2005 研，考试科目：英汉翻译)Domesticating method, which has been used for centur
3、ies in China, will be replaced by foreignizing method in literary translation, Professor Sun predicted. Why? Explain the trend.9 It is well known with translators that differences in moral values often pose difficulties and affect translators decision-making process in cross-cultural communication.
4、Give one or two examples to illustrate this.10 Read the following translation and comment on it from the perspective of News translation.在南充附近的嘉陵江畔，新建起一座现代化的化肥之城蓬安化肥联合公司。在这片方圆 8 公里的地方，有 20 多栋住宅楼和风格迥异的厂房群拔地而起，还有一座座仓库、水塔、管架等高低错落。这是我省的重点项目，两年前开始动工。今年下半年就将建成并投入生产。The Pengan Chemical Fertilizer Complex i
5、s a key project of the province which spreads out over an area of eight square kilometers in Pengan county, southwest of Nanchong near the Jialing River. The complex includes over twenty buildings for different purposes. The construction began two years ago and the complex will be completed and put
6、into operation later this year.11 In Italy there is a saying: translators are traitors. Sometimes a translator cannot keep his fidelity in the process of his translation. He does not mean to betray the author of the original but he has to. When are the situations that a translator has to betray the
7、author of the original? Explain.12 Read the following and translate the underlined part. Can it be translated word for word? Why?“ My grandfather taught music for nearly forty years at Springhill College in Mobile and, though much beloved and respected in the community, earned barely enough to provi
8、de for his large family. My father often said it was only the hardheaded thriftiness of my grandmother that kept the wolf at bay. “13 Translate the following sentence by using sociosemiotic approach and justify for yourself.I love my love with an E, because she is enticing:I hate her with an E, beca
9、use she is engaged:I took her to the sign of the exquisite, and treated her with an elopement:her name is Emily, and she lives in the east.14 严复先生基于易经和孔子的言论于 1898 年提出了“” 的翻译思想。（A）信、达、顺（B）信、达、雅（C）传神达意（D）忠实、畅达、美文15 东晋道安提出：“ 案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句，余尽实录” 。这段话的实质是。（A）意译求美（B）求顺而已（C）直译求信（D）求美而已16 “精神姿致依然故我 ”和 “
10、化境”的标准出自。（A）林语堂（B）郭沫若（C）傅雷（D）钱钟书17 美国翻译学者奈达所追求的“动态等值” 的翻译思想 。（A）注重再现原文文化（B）以翻译语义为首要任务（C）注重再现原文语言形式（D）提倡逐字翻译18 英国翻译学者纽马克倡导的“语义翻译” 力争 。（A）传达原文准确的语境意义（B）译文读者的感受如同原文读者（C）实现原文的交际功能（D）置原文意义于不顾19 Translate the passage into Chinese(北京大学 2007 研，考试科目：专业能力)A strong common sense, which it is not easy to unseat
11、or disturb, marks the English mind for a thousand years: a rude strength newly applied to thought, as of sailors and soldiers who had lately learned to read. They have no fancy, and never are surprised into a covert or witty word, such as pleased the Athenians and Italians, and was convertible into
12、a fable not long after: but they delight in strong earthy expression, not mistakable, coarsely true to the human body, and, though spoken among princes, equally fit and welcome to the mob. This homeliness, veracity, and plain style, appear in the earliest extant works, and in the latest. It imports
13、into songs and ballads the smell of the earth, the breath of cattle, and, like a Dutch painter, seeks a household charm, though by pails and pans. They ask their constitutional utility in verse. The kail and herrings are never out of sight. The poet nimbly recovers himself from every sally of the im
14、agination. The English muse loves the farmyard, the lane, and market. She says, with De Stael, “ I tramp in the mire with wooden shoes, whenever they would force me into the clouds. “For, the Englishman has accurate perceptions : takes hold of things by the right end, and there is no slipperiness in
15、 his grasp. He loves the axe, the spade, the oar, the gun, the steam pipe:he has built the engine he uses. He is materialist, economical, mercantile. He must be treated with sincerity and reality, with muffins, and not the promise of muffins: and prefers his hot chop, with perfect security and conve
16、nience in the eating of it, to the chances of the amplest and Frenchiest bill of fare, engraved on embossed paper. When he is intellectual, and a poet or a philosopher, he carries the same hard truth and the same keen machinery into the mental sphere. His mind must stand on a fact. He will not be ba
17、ffled, or catch at clouds, but the mind must have a symbol palpable and resisting. What he relishes in Dante, is the vice-like tenacity with which he holds a mental image before the eyes, as if it were a scutcheon painted on a shield. Byron“liked something craggy to break his mind upon. “A taste for
18、 plain strong speech, what is called a biblical style, marks the English. It is in Alfred, and the Saxon Chronicle, and in the Sagas of the Northmen. Latimer was homely. Hobbes was perfect in the “noble vulgar speech. “ Donne, Bunyan, Milton, Taylor, Evelyn, Pepys, Hooker, Cotton, and the translator
19、s, wrote it. How realistic or materialistic in treatment of his subject, is Swift. He describes his fictitious persons, as if for the police. Defoe has no insecurity or choice. Hudibras has the same hard mentality, keeping the truth at once to the senses, and to the intellect.It is not less seen in
20、poetry. Chaucers hard painting of his Canterbury pilgrims satisfies the senses. Shakespeare, Spenser, and Milton, in their loftiest ascents, have this national grip and exactitude of mind. This mental materialism makes the value of English transcendental genius: in these writers, and in Herbert, Hen
21、ry More, Donne, and Sir Thomas Browne. The Saxon materialism and narrowness, exalted into the sphere of intellect, makes the very genius of Shakespeare and Milton. When it reaches the pure element, it treads the clouds as securely as the adamant. Even in its elevations, materialistic, its poetry is
22、common sense inspired: or iron raised to white heat.20 Translate the following into Chinese(中国人民大学 2006 研，考试科目：专业英语)Suppose that John Smith, happily married to Mary Smith, addresses his wife as “ Mary Smith, how many times have I asked you not to flip through the TV channels?“ There would be reason
23、to look beyond the words for the “meaning“of this unusual form of address. Mr. Smith may address his wife as “Mary Smith“ to show his exasperation, as in this example. By addressing her as “Mary Smith“ instead of the usual “Mary“ , he conveys frustration and annoyance. His choice of name thus “means
24、“ that he is exasperated. Contrast the tone of that sentence with a similar one in which John Smith addressed Mary Smith as “dear“.The level of meaning that conveys the language users feelings, including his attitude or evaluation in shaping his use of language is called affective meaning or emotive
25、 meaning. It is largely a parasitic category in the sense that to express our emotions we depend on the mediation of other categories of meaning as conceptual, connotative or social. For example, nigger, originally a word denoting a certain race, has virtually become a term of abuse or contempt: and
26、 a similar development has occurred with part of the political vocabulary, such as fascist.英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编 5 答案与解析一、翻译1 【正确答案】 Peter Newmark has made important contributions to the study of translation theory, the major one of which is the dichotomy of communicative translation and semantic tra
27、nslation. According to Peter Newmark, these two strategies vary from each other in terms of the following aspects:(1)Semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text whereas communicative translation focuses essentially on the comprehension and response of receptor
28、s. Semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Communicative translation emphasizes the “force“ rather than the content of the message.(2)Semantic translation attempts to render as closely as the semantic and syntactic strctures of the second language allow, the exact contextu
29、al meaning of the original. Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as closely as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original.(3)Semantic translation would be more informative but less effective. Communicative translation must emphasize the “force“ rather
30、than the content of the message. A semantic translation is always inferior to its original , since it involves loss of meaning. Communicative translation may gain in force and clarify what it loses in semantic content. The translator is trying in his own language to write a little better than the or
31、iginal, unless he is reproducing the well-established formulae of notes or correspondence.Generally, a communicative translation tends to undertranslate. It uses more generic, hold-all terms to translate difficult passages. It is smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct, more conventional, conforming
32、 to a particular register of language. It is foremost to produce the same impact or effect on SL readers and fulfill the function of TL texts to establish the communication between SL authors and TL readers. A semantic translation tends to overtranslate. It is more complex, more awkward, more detail
33、ed, more concentrated. It pursues the thought processes and includes more meanings in its search for one nuance of meaning.2 【正确答案】 巴别塔3 【正确答案】 通俗拉丁文本圣经4 【正确答案】 施莱尔马赫模式5 【正确答案】 阐释学翻译6 【正确答案】 杂合现象7 【正确答案】 Translation has been defined in many a way. In a word, translation is the communication of the m
34、eaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text. As translation is conducted through two languages or two cultures, the differences between them pose a great deal difficulty to translators.Though it is generally acknowledged that translation is a feasible and practica
35、l task, there still exist some language points which are impossible to translate, which are called the phenomenon of untranslatability. Catford classified untranslatability into two categories, one is linguistic untranslatability and the other is cultural untranslatability.The linguistic untranslata
36、bility occurs when target language offers no equivalent language features to the source language or vice versa. Many language features can cause this phenomenon, such as the homophone, the homonym, puns, antithesis and so on. Take puns as an example. Here is a sentence: Mr. Hooligan is more than a h
37、ooligan and Mr. Fox is more than a fox. The two family names serve as pun for hooligan and fox, but when translated in Chinese, the hidden meaning is lost. It is agreed to many that linguistic untranslatability can not be solved.However, the case is not so with cultural untranslatability. Many facto
38、rs cause the features of one culture, such as history, geography, customs and so on. Language is one way that culture expresses itself. Therefore, two languages differ from each other in many aspects. Cultural untranslatability occurs when translating idioms, allusions and customary expressions. For
39、 example, in the sentence “A smart mouse has more than one hole. “In the Chinese phrase, a rabbit is used instead of a mouse. But with the further communication between two cultures, the cultural barrier is lifted bit by bit. In this way, cultural untranslatability is not as unsolvable as linguistic
40、 untranslatability.8 【正确答案】 For China, the 21st Century is a new era. In this century, China succeeded in entering into World Trade Organization and began to face the great wave of globalization. Under this circumstance, international cultural exchanges become more frequent than before. With the dev
41、elopment of this trend, communication between different nations has been increasingly frequent. People have more opportunities to make themselves familiar with other cultures. In this case, foreignizing method in literary translation will get the upper hand.9 【正确答案】 Moral values are the standards of
42、 good and evil, which govern an individuals behaviors and choices. An individuals moral values may be derived from society and government, religion, or self. Different translators have different moral values. As a form of cross-cultural communication, translation is affected by moral values of trans
43、lators. For example:What adults did for purpose of procreation was no business of hers.The translated versions:成年人为了繁殖后代而做的事情与她根本不相干。(黄建人译)成人为了传宗接代所做的事情跟她毫不相干。(主万译)The above two versions are different. It shows us how the moral values play the role. Zhu Wan was born and grew up in a scholar-gentry f
44、amily in which his father, grandfather and his mother were all cultured in ancient Chinese literature. Under the nature of Chinese classical culture, he used words which had something with Chinese traditional moral values. However, it is absent in the original text.10 【正确答案】 Judged by the principle
45、dominating news style and language, this English version presents a fairly good rendering of the original report. The language of journalism is characterized as “front-loaded “or “top-loaded“ :the most important facts are presented at the top, the least important at the bottom, in a structure popula
46、rly known as “inverted pyramid“. Accordingly, in the translation of the Chinese report, the principle of “inverted pyramid“is employed, thus the most salient part of the news story is brought out in a straight way in the summary lead, enabling the readers a quick grasp of the most important informat
47、ion. Moreover, lead expansion, another feature of news translation, is also embodied in this English version. Then the following part deals with the details of the report still in declining order of importance. This English version hits a point in this respect, perfecting the story by providing the
48、required five “Ws“ and one “H“. Lastly, in terms of its language, it is a good illustration of brevity, an essential element in news report.11 【正确答案】 Translation is a kind of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural operation. In this area, contradiction can be found here and there, especially the litera
49、ry translation, which is a kind of imitation and creation. Great differences exist between languages and cultures. It is more evident in literary works. In the process of translating literary works, treason occurs and translator is regarded as a traitor in this case. When a culture-loaded word is to be rendered, the translator has to betray the original author because the target text readers have no knowledge about the cultural phenomenon existing in source culture.12 【正确答案】 父亲常说若不是祖母精明能干，克勤克俭，一家人非挨饿不可。Word-for-word translation refers to a method of translating whic
