1、大学英语六级模拟试卷 847（无答案）一、Part I Writing (30 minutes)1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Post-holiday Syndrome Among Students. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1很多学生在开学伊始都会出现假期综合症2出现这一现象的原因3我的建议Post-holiday Syndrome Among Studen
2、ts二、Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-4, mark：Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the pass
3、age;N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.1 How “Second Brain“ Influences Mood and Weil-BeingAs Olympians go for the gold in Vancouver, even the steeliest are likely to experience that familiar f
4、eeling of “butterflies“ in the stomach. Underlying this sensation is an often-overlooked network of neurons(神经元)lining our guts that is so extensive some scientists have nicknamed it our “second brain“.A deeper understanding of this mass of neural tissue is revealing that it does much more than mere
5、ly handle digestion or inflict the occasional nervous pang. The little brain in our gut, in connection with the big one in our head, partly determines our mental state and plays key roles in certain diseases throughout the body.Although its influence is far-reaching, the second brain is not the seat
6、 of any conscious thoughts or decision-making.“The second brain doesnt help with the great thought processes. religion, philosophy and poetry is left to the brain in the head,“ says Michael Gershon, chairman of the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology at New York-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia Uni
7、versity Medical Center, author of the 1998 book The Second Brain.Technically known as the enteric(肠内的)nervous system, the second brain consists of covers of neurons embedded in the walls of the long tube of our gut, which measures about nine meters end to end. The second brain contains some 100 mill
8、ion neurons, Gershon says.This multitude of neurons in the enteric nervous system enables us to “feel“ the inner world of our gut and its contents. Much of this neural firepower comes to bear in the elaborate daily grind of digestion. Breaking down food, absorbing nutrients, and expelling of waste r
9、equires chemical processing, mechanical mixing and rhythmic muscle contractions that move everything on down the line.Thus equipped with its own reactions and senses, the second brain can control gut behavior independently of the brain, Gershon says. We likely evolved this intricate web of nerves to
10、 perform digestion and ejection “ on site,“ rather than remotely from our brains through the middleman of the spinal cord(脊髓 ). “The brain in the head doesnt need to get its hands dirty with the messy business of digestion, which is delegated to the brain in the gut,“ Gershon says. He and other rese
11、archers explain, however, that the second brains complexity likely cannot be interpreted through this process alone.“ The system is way too complicated to have evolved only to make sure things move out of your bowel,“ says Emeran Mayer, professor of physiology, psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences
12、at the David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles(U. C. L. A.). For example, scientists were shocked to learn that about 90 percent of the fibers in the primary gut nerve, the vagus(迷走神经), carry information from the gut to the brain and not the other way around. “ S
13、ome of that information is decidedly unpleasant,“ Gershon says.The second brain informs our state of mind in other more obscure ways, as well. “ A big part of our emotions are probably influenced by the nerves in our gut,“ Mayer says. Butterflies in the stomach signaling in the gut as part of our ph
14、ysiological stress response, Gershon saysis but one example. Although gastrointestinal(肠胃)(GI)chaos can sour ones moods, everyday emotional well-being may rely on messages from the brain below to the brain above. For example, electrical stimulation of the vagus nervea useful treatment for depression
15、may mimic these signals, Gershon says.Given the two brains commonalities, other depression treatments that target the mind can unintentionally impact the gut. The enteric nervous system uses more than 30 neurotransmitters, just like the brain, and in fact 95 percent of the bodys serotonin(血清素)is fou
16、nd in the bowels. Because antidepressant medications called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(选择性五羟色胺再摄取抑制剂)(SSRIs)increase serotonin levels, its little wonder that meds(椎间盘镜)meant to cause chemical changes in the mind often provoke GI issues as a side effect. Irritable bowel syndromewhich aff
17、licts more than two million Americansalso arises in part from too much serotonin in our guts, and could perhaps be regarded as a “mental illness“ of the second brain.Scientists are learning that the serotonin made by the enteric nervous system might also play a role in more surprising diseases: In a
18、 new Nature Medicine study published online February 7, a drug that inhibited the release of serotonin from the gut counteracted the bone-deteriorating disease osteoporosis(骨质疏松症). “It was totally unexpected that the gut would regulate bone mass to the extent that one could use this regulation to cu
19、re osteoporosis,“ says Gerard Karsenty, lead author of the study and chair of the Department of Genetics and Development at Columbia University Medical Center.Serotonin penetrating from the second brain might even play some part in autism(孤独症), the developmental disorder often first noticed in early
20、 childhood. Gershon has discovered that the same genes involved in synapse formation(突触形成)between neurons in the brain are involved in the digestive synapse formation. “ If these genes are affected in autism,“ he says, “ it could explain why so many kids with autism have GI motor abnormalities in ad
21、dition to elevated levels of gut-produced serotonin in their blood. “Down the road, the blossoming field of neurogastroenterology will likely offer some new insight into the workings of the second brainand its impact on the body and mind. “ We have never systematically looked at the enteric nervous
22、system in relating damages in it to diseases like they have for the central nervous system“ , Gershon says. One day, perhaps there will be well-known connections between diseases and damages in the guts nervous system as some in the brain and spinal cord today indicate multiple sclerosis(硬化症).Cuttin
23、g-edge research is currently investigating how the second brain mediates the bodys immune response; after all, at least 70 percent of our immune system is aimed at the gut to expel and kill foreign invaders.U. C. L. A. s Mayer is doing work on how the trillions of bacteria in the gut “communicate“ w
24、ith enteric nervous system cells(which they greatly outnumber). His work with the enteric nervous system has led him to think that in coining years psychiatry will need to expand to treat the second brain in addition to the one above the shoulders.So for those physically skilled and mentally strong
25、enough to compete in the Olympic Gamesas well as those watching at homeit may well necessary for us all to pay more heed to our so-called “ gut feelings“ in the future.2 What some scientists have nicknamed our “second brain“ is actually_.（A）the experience of the steeliest（B） the network of neurons i
26、n guts（C） butterflies in the stomach（D）the brain above the shoulder3 According to Michael Gershon, the second brain_.（A）merely handles digestion（B） fully determines our mental state（C） plays key roles in all diseases（D）does not deal with great thought processes4 The enteric nervous system_.（A）measur
27、es about eight meters end to end（B） refers to the long tube of our gut（C） contains some 100 million neurons（D）is actually the secondary nervous system5 The second brains complexity likely can be interpreted by_.（A）its performance of digestion and ejection directly（B） its position different from the
28、head（C） its hands dealing with messy business of digestion（D）the middleman of the spinal cord6 Emeran Mayer seems to believe that_.（A）90% fibers in the second brain receive information from the brain（B） many of our emotions may be brought about by the second brain（C） butterflies in the stomach are p
29、art of our brains stress response（D）daily emotions rely on the messages from the brain to the gut7 Meds often provoke GI issues as a side effect in that_.（A）95 percent of the bodys serotonin is found in the bowels（B） the brain and the second brain are correlated（C） SSRIs increase serotonin levels（D）
30、the second brain suffers a “mental illness“8 According to Gershon, what can we know about autism?（A）It is often first noticed in early childhood.（B） The genes discovered by Gershon are affected in autism.（C） GI motor abnormalities are shown in all kids with autism.（D）Low levels of serotonin are in t
31、he blood of many kids.9 Cutting-edge research is now focusing on the way the second brain adjusts_.10 U. C. L. A. s Mayer believed that soon it will be necessary for psychiatry to treat both the brain in the head and_.11 The author suggested that athletes in the Olympics and audience should pay more
32、 attention to_.Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there wil
33、l be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer.（A）The mans car always breaks down.（B） It is really cold in the garage today.（C） Her mobile phone runs out of power.（D）The battery of her mobile phone is damaged.（A）Make a better
34、budget.（B） Save money every month.（C） Save every penny he makes.（D）Learn from her on money saving.（A）He is a nice guy.（B） He has pretty ears.（C） He is very helpful.（D）He is very talkative.（A）The woman has a good taste for fashion.（B） The woman has beautiful eyes.（C） The dress fits the woman very wel
35、l.（D）He wants to go fishing with the woman.（A）Drop out of this deal.（B） Leave her alone.（C） Make a rapid decision.（D）Make a deal with her tonight.（A）He hasnt finished the book yet.（B） He doesnt agree with the woman.（C） He doesnt like the novel.（D）He cant understand the novel.（A）The man is good at fi
36、xing computer.（B） The man likes eating pies.（C） The woman needs to buy a new server.（D）The woman likes surfing the Internet.（A）Have lessons.（B） Watch a movie.（C） Go to the dining hall.（D）Find a seat in the front row.（A）Pressure reducing.（B） Work deadlines.（C） Family obligation.（D）Shopping for holida
37、ys.（A）They cant meet their childrens expectation.（B） Its difficult to manage the family relationships.（C） They are still burdened with holidays.（D）They need to spend much money on shopping.（A）Diet.（B） Health.（C） Family.（D）Work.（A）Flight reservation.（B） Physical examination.（C） English training certi
38、ficate.（D）Job application.（A）She has vision problems.（B） She is in good health.（C） She is in a weakened condition.（D）She is out of condition.（A）A hostess.（B） An English teacher.（C） A nurse.（D）A taxi driver.（A）Its hard for her to tell others when she doesnt like their behaviors.（B） It is difficult fo
39、r her to use gestures or draw pictures to communicate.（C） She cant make herself understood in English easily.（D）She cant see clearly because of her vision problems.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the
40、 passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.（A）Jeffersons views about commercialized agriculture.（B） International trade in the nineteenth century.（C） Improvements in farm machinery in the
41、United States.（D）Farmers loss of independence.（A）Crop production became increasingly specialized.（B） Economic depressions lowered the prices of farm products.（C） New banking laws made it easy to buy farmland.（D）The United States increased its agricultural imports.（A）Prices for farm products rose.（B）
42、 Farmers became more dependent on loans from banks.（C） Jefferson established government programs to assist farmers.（D）Fanners relied less on foreign markets.（A）Improve relationships.（B） Control patients pain.（C） Prevent heart disease.（D）Improve concentration.（A）They liked to have music in the operat
43、ing room.（B） They solved problems better while listening to music they liked.（C） They preferred classical music.（D）They performed better when they used headphones.（A）It increased the students white blood cell amount.（B） It increased some students energy level.（C） It improved the students ability to
44、play musical instruments.（D）It released a natural painkiller in some students bodies.（A）Made roller skates.（B） Made shoes.（C） Made musical instruments.（D）Made wheels.（A）Because he often gave others surprises.（B） Because he was a gifted musician.（C） Because he invented the roller skates.（D）Because he
45、 was full of imagination.（A）By skating into the room.（B） By playing the violin（C） By dressing up strangely.（D）By breaking the mirror at the party.（A）They can not be stopped.（B） They didnt roll at all.（C） They are too ugly.（D）They may hurt others.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a
46、passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46
47、you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 36 Low-carbon becomes a high-frequent and fashionable word which gets the greatest concern in the world. Low-carbon refers to a【B1】_ output of greenhouse ga
48、s【B2】_into the air. Low-carbon life means a kind of【B3】_in which people do their best to reduce energy 【B4】_and carbon greenhouse gas emissions. Because of the development of the world industrial economy, the fast increase of population, the【B5】_increase of the human desire and the【B6】_production an
49、d lifestyle, the human living【B7】_is becoming more and more worse. Therefore, low-carbon life is needed by mans own health,【B8 】 _between human beings and nature and the development of mankind.Firstly,【B9】_. Each of us is responsible for the greenhouse gases we emit in our daily actions. Secondly, we should develop good habits in our daily lives and we can select products with longer shift life when we shop.【B10 】_. Pa
