(全国通用版)2019高考物理总复习优编增分练:计算题考点排查练42015年(全国Ⅱ卷)计算题考点排查练.doc

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1、12015 年(全国卷)计算题考点排查练题号 24 25考点 带电粒子在电场内的曲线运动动力学方法处理斜面内的“板块模型”问题24(2018安徽省“江南十校”二模)如图 1 所示,在竖直平面内存在竖直方向的匀强电场长度为 l 的轻质绝缘细绳一端固定在 O 点,另一端连接一质量为 m、电荷量为 q 的小球(可视为质点),初始时小球静止在电场中的 a 点,此时细绳拉力为 2mg, g 为重力加速度图 1(1)求电场强度 E 和 a、 O 两点的电势差 UaO;(2)小球在 a 点获得一水平初速度 va,使其能在竖直面内做完整的圆周运动,则 va应满足什么条件?答案 (1) (2) va3mgq 3

2、mglq 10gl解析 (1)小球静止在 a 点时,由共点力平衡可得 mg2 mg qE得 E ,方向竖直向上3mgq2在匀强电场中,有 UOa El则 a、 O 两点电势差 UaO 3mglq(2)小球从 a 点恰好运动到 b 点,设到 b 点速度大小为 vb,由动能定理得 qE2l mg2l mvb2 mva212 12小球做圆周运动通过 b 点时,由牛顿第二定律可得 qE mg m vb2l联立可得 va ,故应满足 va .10gl 10gl25(2018广东省汕头市第二次模拟)如图 2 所示,一斜面体固定在水平地面上,倾角为 30、高度为 h1.5 m一薄木板 B 置于斜面顶端,恰好

3、能保持静止,木板下端连接有一根自然长度为 l00.2 m 的轻弹簧,木板总质量为 m1 kg,总长度为 L2.0 m一质量为 M3 kg 的小物块 A 从斜面体左侧某位置水平抛出,该位置离地高度 H1.7 m,物块A 经过一段时间后从斜面顶端沿平行于斜面方向落到木板上并开始向下滑行,已知 A、 B 之间的动摩擦因数为 .木板下滑到斜面底端碰到挡板时立刻停下,物块 A 最后恰好能脱32离弹簧,且弹簧被压缩时一直处于弹性限度内,最大静摩擦力可认为等于滑动摩擦力,取重力加速度 g10 m/s 2,不计空气阻力求:图 2(1)物块 A 刚落到木板上的速度大小 v;(2)弹簧被压缩到最短时的弹性势能答案

4、 (1)4 m/s (2)5 J解析 (1)物块 A 落到木板前做平抛运动,竖直方向:2g(H h) v y2得: vy2 m/s物块 A 刚落到木板上的速度大小为: v 4 m/svysin 30(2)由木板恰好静止在斜面上,得到斜面与木板间的动摩擦因数 0应满足:mgsin 30 0mgcos 30得: 0tan 30333物块 A 在木板上滑行时,以 A 为研究对象有: aA 2.5 Mgcos 30 Mgsin 30Mm/s2(沿斜面向上)以木板 B 为研究对象有: aB 7.5 Mgcos 30 mgsin 30 0M mgcos 30mm/s2(沿斜面向下)假设 A 与木板达到共同

5、速度 v 共 时, A 还没有压缩弹簧且木板还没有到达底端,则有:v 共 aBt v aAt解得: v 共 3 m/s, t0.4 s此过程, xA t1.4 m, xB t0.6 m 3 mv v共2 v共2 hsin 30故 x xA xB0.8 m L l01.8 m,说明以上假设成立共速后,由于( M m)gsin 30 0(M m)gcos 30, A 与木板 B 一起匀速到木板与底端挡板碰撞,木板停下,此后 A 做匀减速到与弹簧接触,然后 A 压缩弹簧至最短,设接触弹簧时 A 的速度为 vA,有:2 aA(L l0 x) vA2 v 共 2解得: vA2 m/s设弹簧最大压缩量为 xm, A 从开始压缩弹簧到刚好回到原长过程有:Q2 Mgx mcos 30 MvA212得: Q6 J, xm m215A 从开始压缩弹簧到弹簧最短过程有: Epm MvA2 Mgxmsin 30 Q5 J,即弹簧被压缩12 12到最短时的弹性势能为 5 J.

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