1、AWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015An American National StandardGuide for theVisual Examinationof WeldsAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015An American National StandardApproved by theAmerican National Standards InstituteSeptember 8, 2014Guide for the VisualExamination of Welds3rd EditionSupersedes AWS B1.11:2000Prepared by theA
2、merican Welding Society (AWS) B1 Committee on Methods of InspectionUnder the Direction of theAWS Technical Activities CommitteeApproved by theAWS Board of DirectorsAbstractThis guide contains information to assist in the visual examination of welds. Included are sections on fundamentals,surface cond
3、itions, and equipment. Sketches and full-color photographs illustrate weld discontinuities commonly foundin welds.iiAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015ISBN: 978-0-87171-858-7 2015 by American Welding SocietyAll rights reservedPrinted in the United States of AmericaPhotocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may
4、 be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in anyform, including mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightowner.Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only or the internal,
5、 personal, oreducational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that the appropriatefee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet:.iiiAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015Statement on the Use of
6、 American Welding Society StandardsAll standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the AmericanWelding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of theAmerican National Standards Institu
7、te (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, ormade part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen-tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any chang
8、es in those AWS standardsmust be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those lawsand regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokesthe AWS standards. Where this contra
9、ctual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWSstandard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that bringstogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints a
10、nd interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the pro-cess and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate,or verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.AWS disclai
11、ms liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whetherspecial, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or relianceon this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the ac
12、curacy or completeness of any information pub-lished herein.In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for oron behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someoneel
13、se. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek theadvice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It isassumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to
14、appropriately qualified and competent personnel.This standard may be superseded by new editions. This standard may also be corrected through publication of amend-ments or errata, or supplemented by publication of addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards includ-ing amendments, err
15、ata, and addenda is posted on the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that theyhave the latest edition, amendments, errata, and addenda.Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard acceptany and all liabilities for infri
16、ngement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement ofany patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.Official interpretations of a
17、ny of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,Attention: Managing Director, Technical Services Division, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL
18、 33166 (see Annex B).With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered.These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professionaladvice. Such opinions represent only the personal
19、 opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individualsdo not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations ofAWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpre
20、tation.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection. It must be reviewedevery five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions,or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use i
21、n improving this standard are required and should be addressed toAWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS B1 Committee on Methods ofInspection and the author of the comments will be informed of the Committees response to the comments. Guests areinvited to attend
22、all meetings of the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspection to express their comments verbally.Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of theTechnical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the Ameri
23、can Welding Society, 8669 NW36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166.This page is intentionally blank.ivAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015vAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015PersonnelAWS B1 Committee on Methods of InspectionW. Komlos, Chair Arc Tech LLCR. Cook, 1st Vice Chair SME Steel ContractorsA. Moore, 2nd Vice Chair Marion Testing
24、hence, the term visual examination.The use of gauges and other tools is supplemental to the main method, and these are treated only as adjuncts to visual exami-nation of weldments.The Guide for the Visual Examination of Welds has been prepared by the AWS B1 Committee on Methods of Inspectionto serve
25、 as a simple tutorial source of basic information concerning visual examination of welds. It is not the intent of thisdocument to present the only approved methods for conducting visual examination. Some typical standards are listed inthis document. It is intended that the material presented be usef
26、ul to engineers, designers, educators, inspectors, and otherwelding personnel who need knowledge about basic visual examination attributes, which would be essential, or desirable,for a particular process. Included in this guide are fundamental prerequisites for performing visual examination, steps i
27、n per-forming visual examination at various stages of welding, and also typical examples of visual examination, discontinuitiesand conditions, equipment supplements and aids, records, and other reference sources which may be helpful. Terminologyused throughout this guide has been established in AWS
28、A3.0M/A3.0, Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, IncludingTerms for Adhesive Bonding, Brazing, Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying.This guide is intended as an instructive reference. The codes or specifications applicable to any particular weldment alwaystake precedence over the gene
29、ralized material contained herein, should any conflict arise between the two. The text hasbeen written in general terms and does not include all the conditions applicable to a specific instance. Examples givenare general and are used only for the purpose of illustration.This material can be used as
30、a training text for inspectors. Although the information generally relates to the arc weldingprocesses, most of it applies to weldments fabricated by other fusion welding processes, for which these methods maybe required.For the examination of resistance welded assemblies, refer to AWS C1.1M/C1.1, R
31、ecommended Practices for ResistanceWelding, AWS C1.3, Recommended Practices for Resistance Welding Coated Low Carbon Steels, and AWS D8.7, Recom-mended Practices for Automotive Weld QualityResistance Spot Welding, published by the American Welding Society.For the examination of brazed assemblies, re
32、fer to the Brazing Handbook, also published by the American WeldingSociety.For those who need more detailed information than this guide provides, bibliographies or complete books on the subjectscovered in each chapter may be found in good technical libraries. The many specifications and codes that a
33、re listed, andhave been used as illustrative examples, may also be consulted for more detailed information.Basic information on other nondestructive examination methods is contained in AWS B1.10M/B1.10, Guide for Nondestruc-tive Examination of Welds, and in the Welding Inspection Handbook.All revisi
34、ons to the 2000 edition are identified by a vertical line in the margin next to the text.Comments and inquiries concerning this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary, AWS B1 Committeeon Methods of Inspection, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130 Miami, FL 33166.This pa
35、ge is intentionally blank.viiiAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015ixAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015Table of ContentsPage No.Personnel vForeword.viiList of TablesxiList of Figuresxi1. General .11.1 Application 11.2 Scope11.3 Safety and Health.12. Normative References .23. Qualification of Examination Personnel .23.1 General.
36、23.2 Visual Acuity .23.3 Equipment23.4 Experience and Training23.5 Procedures33.6 Certification Programs.34. Fundamentals of Visual Examination .34.1 General.34.2 Prior to Welding.34.3 During Welding .54.4 After Welding 65. Weld Surface Conditions 75.1 General.75.2 Porosity75.3 Incomplete Fusion .11
37、5.4 Incomplete Joint Penetration .115.5 Undercut 175.6 Underfill.175.7 Overlap 175.8 Lamination.175.9 Seams and Laps .185.10 Cracks 195.11 Slag Inclusions.265.12 Weld Reinforcement 265.13 Concavity and Convexity.275.14 Arc Strikes .275.15 Spatter275.16 Melt-Through.285.17 Weld Size .285.18 Surface O
38、xidation 30xPage No.AWS B1.11M/B1.11:20156. Examination Equipment.306.1 Introduction306.2 Calibration and Handling of Examination Equipment 306.3 Linear Measuring Devices.316.4 Temperature Measuring Devices .316.5 Weld Gauges326.6 Fiberscopes and Borescopes356.7 Ferrite Gauges356.8 Light Source.356.
39、9 Electrical Meters357. Records.38Annex AList of Standards Commonly Used in the Welding Industry .41Annex BGuidelines for the Preparation of Technical Inquiries .43Annex CSample Forms.45Annex DInformative References 47List of AWS Documents on Welding Inspection49xiAWS B1.11M/B1.11:2015List of Tables
40、Table Page No.1 Common Types of Weld Discontinuities 8List of FiguresFigure Page No.1 Weld Joint Mismatch.42 Double-V-Groove Weld in Butt Joint93 Single-Bevel-Groove and Fillet Welds in Corner Joint.104 Double-Bevel-Groove Weld in T-Joint115 Double Fillet Weld in Lap Joint 126 Single Pass Double Fil
41、let Weld in T-Joint.127 Single-Bevel-Groove Weld in Butt Joint.138 Scattered Porosity139 Surface Appearance of Piping Porosity 1410 Aligned Porosity1411 Elongated Porosity 1412 Various Locations of Incomplete Fusion.1513 Incomplete Fusion.1514 Incomplete Fusion at the Groove Face1515 Incomplete Fusi
42、on Between Weld Beads1616 Incomplete Fusion Between the Weld and Base Metal.1617 Incomplete Joint Penetration.1618 Incomplete Joint Penetration with Consumable Insert1719 Incomplete Joint Penetration.1720 Examples of Undercut.1821 Undercut at Fillet Weld Toe 1822 Underfill 1923 Underfill in a Groove
43、 Weld Made Using GMAW.1924 Overlap 2025 Overlap 2026 Laminations.2127 Types of Cracks.2128 Longitudinal vs. Transverse Cracks 2229 Longitudinal Crack and Aligned Porosity.2230 Transverse Cracks .2331 Throat Cracks 2332 Crater Crack 2433 Longitudinal Cracks Propagating from Crater Crack .2434 Toe Cra
44、cks.2535 Toe Cracks.2536 Underbead Cracks .25xiiFigure Page No.AWS B1.11M/B1.11:201537 Slag Inclusions 2638 Weld Reinforcement2639 Concave Fillet Weld 2740 Convex Fillet Weld2741 Arc Strike 2842 Spatter2843 Melt-Through 2944 Surface Oxidation Due to Insufficient Shielding in a Gas Tungsten Arc Weld
45、3045 Temperature Sensitive Crayon 3146 Surface Contact Thermometer 3247 Electrical Thermocouple .3348 Evaluating a Convex Fillet Weld.3349 Evaluating a Concave Fillet Weld .3450 Multipurpose Gauge3451 Taper Gauge 3552 Hi-Lo Mismatch Gauge.3653 Undercut Gauge.3654 A Fiberscope in Use 3755 Ferrite Gau
46、ge.3756 Voltmeter Arrangement .3957 Tong Test Ammeter .39C.1 Sample Visual Examination Form.46AWS B1.11M/B1.11:20151Guide for theVisual Examination of Welds1. General1.1 Application. Information contained in this guide applies to the visual examination of weldments. This document isintended for thos
47、e individuals that examine welds before, during, or after the weld is completed. Welders, examiners,engineers, supervisors, etc., that routinely examine welds will benefit from the information contained in this guide.The individual examining the welds should be familiar with the principles and metho
48、ds of visual examination. The qual-ification and certification of individuals may be required by the applicable welding standard or as a legal requirementstipulated by municipal, state, or federal statute. Current or past certification in accordance with AWS QC1, Standardfor AWS Certification of Wel
49、ding Inspectors, may be acceptable where an alternate certification scheme is not required.Welding should not be initiated before the visual acceptance criteria are clearly defined. Clearly defined visual accep-tance criteria will enable the visual examination to be effective and ensure the weldment is completed in accordancewith the approved contract documents.1.2 Scope. This guide essentially provides an introduction to visual examination of welding. These examinations fallinto three categories based on the time they are performed, as follows: (1) prior to welding, (2) during welding
