1、Designation: E3191 18Standard Specification forPermanent Foaming Fixatives Used to Mitigate Spread ofRadioactive Contamination1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3191; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification is intended to provide a basis foridentification of non-removable permanent foaming
3、fixativesas a long-term measure used to immobilize or isolate radioac-tive contamination, or both, minimize worker exposure, and toprotect uncontaminated areas against the spread of radioactivecontamination.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in
4、parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5、priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDeve
6、lopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E3105 Specification for Permanent Coatings Used to Miti-gate Spread of Radioactive ContaminationE2420 Guide for
7、Post-Deactivation Surveillance and Main-tenance of Radiologically Contaminated Facilities3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 complete pouring, npouring of a sufficient volumeof a foaming fixative to entirely fill a desired 3-dimensionalvoid space.3.1.2 contamination, nradioactive material in an un-w
8、anted location.3.1.3 environmental conditions, nexternal factors thatmay contribute to the performance of the coating including, butnot limited to, temperature, humidity, and ventilation.3.1.4 incremental pouring, npouring of fresh materialonto a previously applied cured layer of the same material.3
9、.1.5 long-term measure, ngreater than six months.3.1.6 lower flammability limit (LFL), nthe lower end ofthe concentration range over which a flammable mixture of gasor vapor in air can be ignited at a given temperature andpressure.3.1.7 mechanical deterioration, nbreakdown of the mate-rials mechanic
10、al attributes to the point that it is no longer ableto retain 95 % of fixated or isolated contamination, or both.3.1.8 permanent foaming fixative, na non-removable, du-rable foaming product capable of filling variable sized regularand irregular 3-dimensional void spaces used to physicallyisolate or
11、chemically hold or bind radioactive particulate.3.1.9 waste acceptance criteria (WAC), nthe criteria that amaterial must meet for acceptance in a waste disposal site;these criteria may vary per disposal site.3.1.10 working time, nthe time period between the open-ing of the material storage container
12、 or mixing of componentsuntil the prepared material can no longer be successfullyapplied to a surface.4. Significance and Use4.1 This specification establishes performance specifica-tions for permanent foaming fixatives that are intended toimmobilize or isolate, or both, dispersible contamination de
13、-posited within a void space as might result from anticipated tounanticipated events to include normal operating conditions,decommissioning, and radiological release.4.2 The foaming fixative is intended to be a permanent,non-removable, long-term material used for decommissioningand operations. It is
14、 intended to isolate the contamination fromactive working areas. It may also enable reduction in buildingrequirements such as induced airflow or negative air pressure.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on NuclearTechnology and Applications and is the direct responsibil
15、ity of SubcommitteeE10.03 on Radiological Protection for Decontamination and Decommissioning ofNuclear Facilities and Components.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI:10.1520/E3191-18.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, P
16、A 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization
17、Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.3 The foaming fixative is intended to be used for fillingcontaminated 3-dimensional void spaces of various volumesthat would be difficult to otherwise coat with conventional2-dimensional fixatives.4.4 The foaming fixative can be applied to both porous a
18、ndnonporous materials such as concrete, wood, metal, ceramics,and plastics.4.5 Some of these specifications may prove difficult to meet.A product that meets some, but not all, of the performancespecifications herein may have value, and this specificationmay be used as a guide by which to evaluate su
19、ch products.5. Mechanical Properties5.1 The foaming fixative shall be compatible with at leastone of the following conventional or remote applicationsystems:5.1.1 spraying,5.1.2 complete pouring, or5.1.3 incremental pouring.5.2 The foaming fixative shall have sufficient mechanicalproperties to withs
20、tand long-term wear associated with inci-dental impact, abrasion, or vibration that are likely to causeloss of containment of the isolated contaminant.5.3 The foaming fixative should be readily applied withinthe desired void space without significant preparation(cleaning, sanding, primer layer, etc.
21、). This does not supersedea facilities decision for gross decontamination prior to appli-cation of the foaming fixative.5.4 The foaming fixative should have sufficient mechanicalproperties to withstand contingency events such as earthquakesas outlined in a facilities safety design basis document.6.
22、Chemical Properties6.1 The foaming fixative shall not include nor generate toxicby-products as defined by U.S. Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration (OHSA) during preparation, application, orremoval for disposal under normal conditions. A Safety DataSheet must be provided so that appropriate
23、personal protectiveequipment can be selected.6.2 The foaming fixative shall not generate flammableby-products above 20 % of the lower flammability limit (LFL).6.3 The foaming fixative should seek to limit the propaga-tion of flame across the surface.6.4 The foaming fixative should seek to limit smok
24、e pro-duction upon incident flame.6.5 The foaming fixative should not sustain a flame uponremoval of an ignition source.6.6 The foaming fixative shall be non-reactive after curingwith respect to chemical interaction.6.7 The foaming fixative shall maintain a near neutral pH(6-8) before curing.6.8 The
25、 foaming fixative should not attract or be a foodstufffor animals, insects, pests, or undesirable bacteria.6.9 The foaming fixative shall be chemically non-harzardous after curing as defined by the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency (EPA).7. Performance Requirements7.1 Shelf LifeThe foaming fixativ
26、e shall have a shelf lifein accordance with 8.1.7.2 Working TimeThe foaming fixative shall exhibit aworking time sufficient to meet a realistic application rate.Working time is heavily dependent on the method of applica-tion. The application method is purposely left unconstrainedand is up to the man
27、ufacturer to prescribe.7.3 Cured VolumeThe foaming fixative upon curing shallform a fixating volume that meets the physical, mechanical,and other requirements listed in Sections 4 through 8 of thisspecification.7.4 The foaming fixative shall prevent 95 % release ofradioactive particles from the isol
28、ated volume.7.5 The foaming fixative shall maintain an uncompromisedvolume such that significant amounts of respirable particles(10 m) of the fill material are not generated during instan-taneous events having a 3-min duration, such as fire, abrasion,impact, or earthquake.7.6 The foaming fixative sh
29、ould be impermeable to waterpresent from both leakage sources and ambient humidity.7.7 The foaming fixative should be compatible with tem-perature cycles ranging from 40 to + 120F (40 to +49C)for facilities without environmental regulating systems.7.8 The foaming fixative should be compliant with wa
30、steacceptance criteria (WAC) for potential disposition in thoseinstances where required. The foaming fixative should becapable of segregation to allow for ease of waste package suchthat compliance with WAC can be easily satisfied.7.9 The foaming fixative shall isolate contamination mate-rial that is
31、 both respirable (10 m) and non-respirable ( m).7.10 The foaming fixative shall not generate heat sufficientto compromise any of the components within the enclosure towhich it is applied.7.11 The foaming fixative shall not generate heat sufficientto self-ignite the foaming fixative material.8. Minim
32、um Performance Criteria8.1 Shelf LifeMinimum of two years.8.2 Airborne Release FractionNo minimum, however adesirable characteristic would be to provide 95 % immobili-zation of 10 m particles when disturbed by 50 psi air burst.8.3 Respirable FractionNo minimum, however a desir-able characteristic wo
33、uld be to provide 95 % immobilizationof 10 m particles when disturbed by 50 psi (345 kPa) airburst.8.4 Radiation Resistance5 MRad over the projected life-time of the material.NOTE 1Application must consider both the time requirement and theradiation in the environment to ensure the material is adequ
34、ately suited foruse.E3191 1828.5 Minimum Performance TimeFive years.9. Keywords9.1 cleanup; contain; encapsulate; foaming fixative; immo-bilize; radioactive contamination; radionuclide; resuspensionBIBLIOGRAPHY(1) ANS Glossary of Terms in Nuclear Science and Technology, Ameri-can Nuclear Society, La
35、 Grange Park, IL, 1986.(2) Ebadian, M. A., “Assessment of strippable coatings for decontami-nation and decommissioning,” Jan. 1, 1998, Online, Available:http:/www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/665907-mIQzIw/webviewable/665907.pdf, November 2018.(3) Tripp, J., Archibald, K., Lauerhass, L., Argyle, M.
36、, and Demmer, R.,“Cleaning and Decontamination Using Strippable and ProtectiveCoatings at the Idaho National Engineering and EnvironmentalLaboratory, March 1, 1999, Online, Available: http:/www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/8239-A64q4z/webviewable/8239.pdf.(4) United States of America Department of Energy, Office ofEnvironment, Health, Safety or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 183
