1、IEEE Std 262-1973ANSI C57.12.90-1973C“),G)INCDN1:J-enwLLIW-IC“),G)IoG!N,II)o s-A AI If)IQoRCHll/i.DStest code for distribution,NtQr R.E power,“tilftld regulating transformersDec 11,1973SH42622ANSI I IEEE C57.12.90-1973 | Std 262-1973 Supersedes ANSI C57.12.90-1968 An American National Standard IEEE
2、Standard Test Code for Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers Secretariat National Electrical Manufacturers Association Edison Electric Institute Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Approved September 20, 1972 IEEE Standards Committee Approved September 27, 1973 American Nati
3、onal Standards Institute Published by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 345 East 47th Street, New York, N. Y. 10017 American National Standard An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. An American National Stand
4、ard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or p
5、rocedures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review and users are cautioned to obtain the latest editions. CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Insti
6、tute require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute. Copyrigh
7、t 1973 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard Te
8、st Code for Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers, ANSI C57.12.90-1973, IEEE Std 262-1973.) Standards in the C57 series covering transformers, regulators, and reactors have been issued and updated with regularity since March 1940, when a trial-use volume containing C57.1, C57.2, and C57.3
9、 was published. That document superseded standards 12, 13,14,100, and the Test Code for Transformers of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (one of the predecessors of IEEE) and contained data derived from the standards of the Edison Electric Institute and the National Electrical Manufact
10、urers Association. Two years later, an extensively revised document was published covering the same material as a full status standard. Further revisions and ex pansions were reflected in 1948, 1949, and 1956 editions. The 1956 edition, designated C57.12-1956, consolidated preceding standards on dis
11、tribution, power, and regulating transformers, and it formed the parent document for the nearly thirty current standards and guides in the C57 series. The present document reflects revisions carried out within the Working Group on Revision of Dielectric Tests and the Working Group on Thermal Evaluat
12、ion of Power and Distribution Transformers of the Power Transformer Subcommittee of the Transformer Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society. Following approval by the IEEE Standards Committee, this standard was submitted to American National Standards Committee C57 and received approval for
13、submission to ANSI. At the time it approved this standard, C57 had the following member ship: H. D. Lewis, Chairman A. M. Salazar, Secretary Organization Represented Name of Representative Bonneville Power Administration George W. Iliff Electric Light and Power Group W. O. Uhl The personnel of the C
14、57 Subcommittee on Power Transformers, C57.12.1 which reviewed and approved this standard were as follows: Furnace Equipment Manufacturers Association Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Rural Electrification Administration Tennessee Valley Authority U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Naval F
15、acilities Engineering Command National Electrical Manufacturers Association D. A. Albanese S. Cambias, Jr I. H. Koponen H. R. McNutt, Jr L. H. Spangler C. K. Poarch C. W. Vokac G. K. Kallenbach S. Bennon J. C. Dutton C. R. French N. V. Poer Leonard W. Johnson H. D. Lewis L. C. Aicher J. D. Douglass
16、Andrew S. Lindway W. J. McNutt Norman M. Neagle D. Winter L. L. Wright G. W. Mayall (Alt) J. C. Arnold, Jr L. R. Smith R. H. Richardson L. C. Aicher, Chairman A. M. Salazar, Secretary S. Bennon J. D. Douglass G. K. Kallenbach H. D. Lewis W. J. McNutt A. M. Melancon J. B. Oliver T. F. Perrine S. H. G
17、old W. L. Green W. A. Richter George W. Iliff R. W. Toler D. Winter The personnel of the IEEE Standards Committee which reviewed and approved this standard were as follows: J. Forster, Chairman B. O. Weinschel, Vice Chairman S. I. Sherr, Secretary S. J. Angello Saul Aronow Jack Avins B. B. Barrow F.
18、 K. Becker Richard Brereton W. H. Cook Louis Costrell G. E. Hertig J. L. Koepfinger W. R. Kreusi Harvey Lance B. J. Leon D. T. Michael J. D. M. Phelps R. H. Rose, II S. W. Rosenthal Gustave Shapiro R. M. Showers P. H. Smith F. G. Timmel L. van Rooij R. V. Wachter W. T. Wintringham The Working Group
19、on Revision of Dielectric Tests who developed this standard had the fol lowing membership: E. J. Adolphson G. W. Alexander P. L. Bellaschi S. Bennon H. W. Book V. F. Christen N. A. Hills R. B. Kaufman, Chairman C. C. Honey C. Hurty G. W. Iliff R. Jasek G. K. Kallenbach C. Keil A. O. Kemppainen H. R.
20、 Margolis S. P. Mehta R. C. Thomas W. S. Thompson, Jr F. G. Vogel R. C. Wendell J. R. Woodall Z. Zepic The Working Group on Thermal Evaluation of Power and Distribution Transformers who de veloped this standard had the following membership: A. M. Lockie, Chairman E. A. Boulter W. L. Carey H. B. Detr
21、ick L. A. Gates P. F. Gramlich R. W. Green E. M. Gulachenski H. Halperin E. L. Hook W. D. Jordan C. P. Kappeler A. S. Lindway M. L. Manning J. McDougall C. J. McMillen N. J. Melton R. A. Olsson W. R. Ossman A. F. Phillips R. E. Russell A. E. Stevens A. Thomas S. G. Vargo A. C. Wurdack The Transforme
22、rs Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society which reviewed and ap proved this standard had the following membership at the time of approval: J. H. Blake, Chairman G. W. Alexander, Vice Chairman C. C. Honey, Secretary L. C. Aicher L. A. Gates F. J. Kelly R. E. Russell R. Allustiarti R. F. Gilt
23、on L. A. Kenoyer L. J. Savio R. J. Alton A. Glassanos T. S. Lauber R. L. Schmid S. J. Antalis A. W. Goldman C. Lindsay R. L. Schwab J. C. Arnold J. C. Gorub A. H. Locke L. R. Smith R. R. Bast R. W. Green A. M. Lockie A. L. Tanton P. L. Bellaschi W. F. Griffard L. W. Long R. C. Thomas S. Bennon E. M.
24、 Gulachenski R. L. Macdonald D. E. Truax H. E. Bonheimer G. Gunnels H. B. Margolis R. A. Veitch J. V. Bonucchi G. H. Hall D. E. Massey F. J. Vogel 0. R. Compton J. L. Harbell C. J. McMillen J. P. Vora J. E. Dind W. L. Hetherington C. H. Mock E. H. Wendt J. D. Douglass K. R. Highton W. H. Mutschler S
25、. A. Wiencek J. C. Dutton J. A. Hollowell P. Q. Nelson G. C. Wilburn L. L. Dvorak E. L. Hook R. A. Nelson D. F. Winter H. P. Edler G. W. Iliff M. A. Oman J. R. Woodall W. R. Farber W. D. Jordan S. Palmer W. E. Wrenn S. L. Foster G. K. Kallenbach A. F. Phillips A. C. Wurdack A. M. Fox C. P. Kappeler
26、L. L. Preston F. S. Young E. R. Freitag R. B. Kaufman E. L. Raab L. R. Yule C. R. French C. Keil D. A. Roach Contents SECTION PAGE 1. Scope 9 2. Resistance Measurements 9 2.1 Determination of Cold Temperature 9 2.2 Drop-of-Potential Method2.3 Bridge Methods 10 2.4 Conversion of Resistance Measuremen
27、ts 13. Dielectric Tests 1 3.1 General3.2 Applied-Potential Tests 12 3.3 Induced-Potential Tests3.4 Impulse Tests 3 3.5 Connections for Impulse Tests 4 3.6 Impulse Tests on Transformer Neutrals 15 3.7 Detection of Failure During Impulse Test3.8 Wave To Be Used for Impulse Tests 6 3.9 Switching Surge
28、Tests 17 4. Efficiency, Losses, and Impedance 8 4.1 Reference Temperature for Efficiency, Losses, and Impedance 14.2 Efficiency4.3 Excitation Loss 9 4.4 Excitation Current 21 4.5 Impedance (Including Load Loss) 23 4.6 Impedance Bridge Networks for Measurement of Losses 26 5. Ratio and Regulation 8 5
29、.1 Ratio Tests5.2 Regulation 29 6. Temperature Rise Tests 31 6.1 General 2 6.2 Temperature Rise Tests on All Transformers 33 6.3 Temperature Rise Tests on Oil-Immersed Transformers 34 6.4 Temperature Rise Test on Oil-Immersed Transformers by the Short-Circuit Method 36.5 Temperature Rise Test on Oil
30、-Immersed Transformers by the Loading-Back Method 6 6.6 Temperature Rise Tests on Dry-Type Transformers 37 6.7 Temperature Rise Tests on Dry-Type Transformers (Methods and Corrections) 8 6.8 Correction Back to Shutdown 39 7. Insulation Power Factor Tests7.1 Preparation for Tests 40 7.2 Instrumentati
31、on7.3 Voltage To Be Applied7.4 Procedure7.5 Temperature Correction Factors 40 8. Polarity and Phase Relation Tests8.1 Polarity Tests 48.2 Phase Relation Tests 2 9. Calculation of Increase in Winding Temperature During a Short Circuit 43 10. References to Section on Impedance Bridge Networks 46 11. R
32、evision of American National Standards Referred to in This Document 46 FIGURES Fig 1 Connections for the Drop-of-Potential Method of Resistance Measurement 10 Fig 2 Connections for the Excitation Test of a Single-Phase Transformer 2Fig 3 Two-Wattmeter Method 21 Fig 4 Three-Wattmeter Method with Tran
33、sformer Neutral Available 2Fig 5 Three-Wattmeter Method Using Artificial Wattmeter Neutral N 1 Fig 6 Form-Factor Plot to Reduce Excitation Current to Sine-Wave Basis (ISFS) 22 Fig 7 Single-Phase Transformer Connections for Impedance-Loss and Impedance-Voltage Tests (Instrument Transformers To Be Add
34、ed When Necessary) 24 Fig 8 Connections for Impedance-Loss and Impedance-Voltage Tests of an AutotransformerFig 9 Three-Phase Transformer Connections for Impedance-Loss and Impedance-Voltage Tests (Instrument Transformers To Be Added When Necessary) 25 Fig 10 General Impedance Bridge Network 26 Fig
35、11 Potentiometer-Type Network Using a Phase Shifter 27 Fig 12 Potentiometer-Type Network Using a Mutual InductorFig 13 Voltmeter Arranged To Read the Difference Between the Two Secondary Voltages 29 Fig 14 Voltmeters Arranged To Read the Two Secondary Voltages (Readings Are Repeated after Interchang
36、ing Voltmeters) 29 Fig 15 Resistance Potentiometer for Ratio Test 2Fig 16 Two Single-Phase Transformers in Opposition 36 Fig 17 Two Y-A Connected Transformers 3Fig 18 Windings 41 Fig 19 LeadsFig 20 Voltmeter Arranged To Read the Difference Between the Two Secondary Voltages 2 Fig 21 Polarity by Alte
37、rnating-Voltage Test 4Fig 22a Transformer Lead Markings and Voltage-Phasor Diagrams for Three-Phase Transformer Connections 4 Fig 22b Transformer Lead Markings and Voltage-Phasor Diagrams for Six-Phase Transformer Connections 45 TABLES Table 1 Test Values, Gap Settings, and Minimum and Maximum Times
38、 to Flashover 14 Table 2 Measurements To Be Made in Insulation Power Factor Tests 41 An American National Standard IEEE Standard Test Code for Distribution, Power, and Regulating Transformers 1. Scope This standard prescribes methods for per forming tests specified in American National Standard Gene
39、ral Requirements for Distribu tion, Power, and Regulating Transformers, C57.12.00-1973 (IEEE Std 462-1973) and in the separate transformer standards of the C57.12 Series of American National Stan dards. The test methods covered herein are as follows: (1) Resistance measurements (see Section 2) (2) D
40、ielectric insulation (see Section 3) (3) Losses and impedance (see Section 4) (4) Ratio and regulation (see Section 5) (5) Temperature rise (see Section 6) (6) Insulation power factor tests (see Sec tion 7) (7) Polarity and phase relation (see Section 8) (8) Short-circuit calculations (see Section 9
41、) 2. Resistance Measurements Resistance measurements are of fundamen tal importance for two purposes: (1) For the calculation of the conductor or PR loss (2) For the calculation of winding tem peratures at the end of a temperature test 2.1 Determination of Cold Temperature. The cold temperature of t
42、he winding shall be de termined as accurately as possible when mea suring the cold resistance. The following pre cautions shall be observed: 2.1.1 General. Cold resistance measure ments shall not be taken on a transformer when it is located in drafts or when it is located in a room in which the temp
43、erature is fluctuating rapidly. 2.1.2 Transformer Windings Out of Oil. The temperature of the windings shall be recorded as the average of several thermome ters inserted between the coils, with extreme care used to see that their bulbs are as nearly as possible in actual contact with the copper of t
44、he windings. It should not be assumed that the windings are at the same temperature as the surrounding air. 2.1.3 Transformer Windings Immersed in Oil. The temperature of the windings shall be assumed to be the same as the temperature of the oil, provided the transformer has been under oil with no e
45、xcitation and with no current in its winding from three to eight hours before the cold resistance is measured, depending upon the size of the transformer. 2.2 Drop-of-Potential Method. The drop-of-potential method is generally more con venient than the bridge method (see Section 2.3) for measurement
46、s made in the field. It should be employed only if the rated current of the transformer winding is 1 A or more. In all cases, greater accuracy may be obtain ed by the use of potentiometers for the mea surement of both current and potential al though the setup may be rather cumbersome. 2.2.1 Measurem
47、ent is made with direct-current and simultaneous readings of current and voltage are taken using the connections of Fig 1. The required resistance is calculated from the readings in accordance with Ohms law. If the direct current is supplied by a corn-mutating machine, the pointer of the volt meter
48、may vibrate because of the commutator ripple in the voltage. In such cases, some winding of the transformer other than the winding under test should be short-circuited; this will damp the ripple and reduce or elimi nate the vibration of the voltmeter. The current in the winding which is being measur
49、ed should have become practically constant before short-circuiting the other 9 ANSI C57.12.90-1973 TEST CODE FOR winding; otherwise, erroneous values of resist ance may be obtained. It has been found by experience that the relative time constants under these two conditions are such that steady direct current is reached more quickly under the open-circuit conditions than under the short-circuit conditions. Figl Connections for the Drop-of-Potential Method of Resistance Measurement 2.2.2 In order to minimize errors of obser vation, the measuring instruments shall have such ranges as w
