1、62620181Part I. Vocabulary and Structure (30 points, 1 point for each)Directions: After each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Select the only one choice that best completes the statement. Write your answers on your ANSWER SHEET. 1. I ver been there but it is, _, a lovely place
2、.A. ofno account B. by all accountsC. on no account D. on this account2. The television networks believe that the period between 6 p. m. and 11 p. m. isthe _television viewing timeA. prime B. primary C. primitive D. principal3. You had better_me about the reason for your dismissal.A. level off B. le
3、vel atC. level with D. level up4. _ in her most beautiful skirt, the girl tried tomake herself_ at the party.A. Dressed; noticed B. Dressing; noticedC. Dresses; noticing D. Dressing; noticing5. He has made another wonderful discovery,_ of great importance to science. A. who I think itB. which I thin
4、k it isC. that I think isD. which I think is6. Only after the anesthetist gave the patient an anesthetic_.A. the operation could be conductedB. could the operation be conducted2C. could be conducted the operationD. the operation conducted could be7. The _ of a cultural phenomenon is usually a logica
5、l consequence of some physical aspectin the life style ofthe people.A. implementation B. demonstrationC. manifestation D. exposition8. _ the Internet isshortening the distancebetween people, it may also be breaking homes orwill cause other family problems. A. When B. While C. If D. As9. It is believ
6、ed that children of two or three years old are able to learn any language if they are_ it.A. involved in B. indulged inC. disposed to D. exposed to10. Mr. Brown condition looks very serious and it is doubtful if he will_.A. pull back B. pull upC. pull through D. pull out11. As my exams are coming ne
7、xt week, I take advantage of the weekend to_ onsome reading.A. catch up B. clear upC. make up D. pick up12. It will take us twenty minutes to get to the railway station,_ traffic delays. A. acknowledging B. affordingC. allowing for D. accounting for13. School started on a _ cold day in February.A. s
8、evere B. bitter C. such D. frozen14. Sally was a bit shy, but the teacher found her quite _discussing a recent film withothers.A. at home B. at mostC. at house D. at heart315. With _ exceptions, the former president does not appear in public now. A. rare B. unusual C. extraordinary D. unique16. As a
9、 developingcountry, we must keep _ with the rapid development of the world economy. A. move B. step C. speed D. pace17. The fact that the management is trying to reach agreement _ five separate unions has led to long negotiations.A. over B. upon C. in D. with18. The police let him go, because they d
10、idn find him guilty_ the murder.A. of B. in C. over D. on19. The company has capitalized _ the error of judgment made by its business competitor. A. in B. over C.with D. on20. When invited to talk about his achievements, he refused to blow his own _ and declined to speak at the meeting. A. trumpet B
11、. whistle C. bugle D. flute21. Although I spoke to her about the matter several times, she took little _ of what I said.A. remark B. warning C. notice D. attention22. I only know the man by _ but I have never spoken to him.A. chance B. heart C. sight D. experience23. It is absolutely essential that
12、William _ his study in spite of some learningdifficulties.A. will continue B. continued C. continue D. continues24. If only I _ play the guitar as well as you!A. would B. could C. should D. might25. He _ unwisely, but he was at least trying to do something helpful. A. may have acted B. must have act
13、edC. should act D. would act426. Men differ from animals_they can think and speak.A. or which B. for thatC. in that D. in which27. I enjoyed myself so much_ I visited my friends in Paris last year. A. when B. which C. that D. where28. _ both sides accept the agreement _ a lasting peace be establishe
14、d in this region. A. Only if, will B. If only, wouldC. Should, will D. Unless, would29._,Mr. Wells is scarcely in sympathy with the working class.A. Although he is a socialistB. Even if he is a socialistC. Being a socialistD. Since he is a socialist30. The government has promised to do_ lies in its
15、power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.A. however B. whicheverC. whatever D. whereverPart II Reading Comprehension (50 points, 2 points for each)Directions: In this section, there are 5 passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passage and then write ONE
16、 best answer for each question on your ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWe have all heard of experts who fail basic tests of sensory discrimination in their or art critics who see deep meaning in random lines drawn by a computer. We delight in such stories since anyone claiming to be an authority is fair gam
17、e. But what if we shine the spotlight on choices we make about everyday things? Experts might be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of their skills as experts, but could we be forgiven for being wrong about the limits of our skills as experts on ourselves?We have been trying to answer this qu
18、estion using techniques from magic 5performances. Rather than playing tricks with alternatives presented to participants, we secretly altered the outcomes of their choices, and recorded how they react. For example, in an early study we showed our volunteers pairs of pictures of faces and asked them
19、to choose the most attractive. In some trials, immediately after they made their choice, we asked people to explain the reasons behind their choices.Unknown to them, we sometimes used a double-card magic trick to secretly exchange one face for the other so they ended up with the face they did not ch
20、oose. Common sense dictates that all of us would notice such a big change in the outcome of a choice. But the result showed that in 75 per cent of the trials our participants were phenomenon identified by psychologists where a remarkably large number of people fail to spot a major change in their en
21、vironment. Recall the famous experiments where X asks Y for directions; while Y is struggling to help, X is switched for Z -and. Y fails to notice. Researchers are still pondering the full implications, but it does show how little information we use in daily life, and undermines the idea that we kno
22、w what is going on around us.When we set out, we aimed to weigh in on the enduring, complicated debate about self-knowledge and intentionality. For allthe intimate familiarity we feel we have with barriers for scientific research is the nature of subjectivity.As anyone who has ever been in a verbal
23、disagreement can prove, people tend to give elaborate justifications for their decisions, which we have every reason to believe are nothing more than rationalizations after the event. To prove such people wrong, though, or even provide enough evidence to change their mind, is an entirely different m
24、atter: who are you to say what my reasons are?But with choice blindness we drive a large wedge between intentions and actions in the mind. As our participants give us verbal explanations about choices they never made, we canshow them beyond doubt -and prove it -that what they say cannot be true. So
25、our experiments offer a unique window into confabulation (the story-telling we do to justify things after the fact) that is otherwise very difficult to come by. We can compare everyday explanations with those under lab conditions, looking for such things as the amount of detail in descriptions, how
26、coherent the narrative is, the emotional tone, or even the timing or flow of the speech. Then we can create a theoretical framework to analyse any kind of exchange.This framework could provide a clinical use for choice blindness: for example, two of our ongoing studies examine how malingering might
27、develop into true 6symptoms, and how confabulation might play a role in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Importantly, the effects of choice blindness go beyond snap judgments. Depending on what our volunteers say in response to the mismatched outcomes of choices (whether they give short or long explana
28、tions, give numerical rating or labeling, and so on) we found this interaction could change their future preferences to the extent that they come to prefer the previously rejected alternative. This gives us a rare glimpse into the complicated dynamics of self-everyday preferences.We also want to exp
29、lore the boundaries of choice blindness. Of course, it will be limited by choices we know to be of great importance in everyday life. Which bride or bridegroom would fail to notice if someone switched their partner at the altar through amazing sleight of hand? Yet there is ample territory between th
30、e absurd idea of spouse-swapping, and the results of our early face experiments.For example, in one recent study we invited supermarket customers to choose choice without them noticing, we created two sets of magical jars, with lids at both ends and a divider inside. The jars looked normal, but were
31、 designed to hold one variety of jam or tea at each end, and could easily be flipped over.Immediately after the participants chose, we asked them to taste their choice again and tell us verbally why they made that choice. Before they did, we turned over the sample containers, so the tasters were giv
32、en the opposite of what they had intended in their selection. Strikingly, people detected no more than a third of all these trick trials. Even when we switched such remarkably different flavors as spicy cinnamon and apple for bitter grapefruit jam, the participants spotted less than half of all swit
33、ches.We have also documented this kind of effect when we simulate online shopping for consumer products such as laptops or cell phones, and even apartments. Our latest tests are exploring moral and political decisions, a domain where reflection and deliberation are supposed to play a central role, b
34、ut which we believe is perfectly suited to investigating using choice blindness.Throughout our experiments, as well as registering whether our volunteers noticed that they had been presented with the alternative they did not choose, we also quizzed them about their beliefs about their decision proce
35、sses. How did they think they would feel if they had been exposed to a study like ours? Did they think they would have noticed the switches? Consistently, between 80 and 90 per cent of people said that they believed they would have noticed something was wrong.7Imagine their surprise, evendisbelief,
36、when we told them about the nature of theexperiments. In everyday decision-making we do see ourselves as knowing a lot about ourselves, but like the wine buff or art critic, we often overstate what we know. The good news is that this form of decision snobbery should not be too difficult to treat. In
37、deed, after reading this article you might already be cured.31. What does the author say about some experts?A. They are authorities only in their own fields.cky tests.D. They sometimes fail to do well as claimed.32. What did the researchers do to participants in the experiments?A. They put on a magi
38、c performance to the participants.B. They diverted the participaC. They changed the things participants chose without their noticing.D. They added confusion to the two options the participants faced.33. What does the result of the face choosing experiments reveal?A. People could explain well why the
39、y made their choices.B. Only a few of participants had choice blindness in making decision.C. Usually participants were aware of the limits of their skills.hed.34. Change blindness refers to the phenomenon that_.A. many people fail to notice the big change around themB. people tend to ignore the sma
40、ll changes in the surroundingsD. quite a few people do not have a good sense of directions35. What do researchers think is the drive for many everyday preferences?A. The haste judgment.B. The mechanism of self-feedback.C. The interaction with others.D. The expectation for the future.Passage TwoThe I
41、nvention of Lying, is about a world where lying . whatever the cost. Until one day, when Mark, a down-on-his-luck loser played by 8ark is rich, famous, and courting the girl of his dreams. And because nobody knows what Americans, we like to think we value the truth. Time and time again, public-opini
42、on polls show that honesty is among the top five characteristics we want in a leader, friend, or lover; the world is full of sad stories about the tragic consequences of betrayal. Atthe same time, deception is all around us. We are lied to by government officials and public figures to a disturbing d
43、egree; many of our social relationships are based on little white lies we tell each other. We deceive our children, only to be deceived by them in return. And the average person, says psychologist Robert Feldman, the author of a new book on lying, tells at least three lies in the first 10 minutes of
44、 a conversation. whose new book, The Liar in Your Lifen -while others might be well-meaning white lies. But each, Feldman argues, is harmful, lies, the more deceptive we and society become.We are a culture of liars, to put it bluntly, with deceit so deeply ingrained in our -mail, deceptive arned to
45、Josephson Institute, a nonprofit focused on youth ethics, concluded in a 2008 survey of rampant, test during the past year, up from 60 percent in 2006. Another recent survey, by Junior Achievement, revealed that more than a third of teens believe lying, cheating, or plagiarizing can be necessary to
46、succeed, while a brand-new study, commissioned by -to 34-year-olds- those of us fully reared in this lying culture -deceive more frequently than the general population.9should sharpen our skills and use them with abandon.Liars get what theyLiars make themselves sound smart and intelligent, they atta
47、in power over those of us who believe them, and they often use their lies to rise up in the professional world. Many liars have fun doing it. And many more take pride in getting away with it.As Feldman notes, there is an evolutionary basis for deception: in the wild, motives of our lying are more se
48、lfish. Research has linked socially successful people to those who are good liars. Students who succeed academically get picked for the best colleges, despite the fact that, as one recent Duke University study found, as many as 90 percent of high-schoolers admit to cheating. Even lying adolescents a
49、re more popular among their peers.And all it takes is a quick flip of the remote to see how our public figures fare when they get caught in a lie: Clinton keeps his wife and goes on to become a national hero. Fabricating author James Frey gets a million-post. If everyone else is being rewarded for lyingup?But that most of us believe we can
