1、Internet History and Growth,William F. Slater, III Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society September 2002,Agenda,Internet History Internet Evolution Internet Pioneers Internet Growth Sept. 1969 Sept. 2002 Conclusion,What Was the “Victorian Internet”?,What Was the “Victorian Internet”,The Telegraph I
2、nvented in the 1840s. Signals sent over wires that were established over vast distances Used extensively by the U.S. Government during the American Civil War, 1861 - 1865 Morse Code was dots and dashes, or short signals and long signals The electronic signal standard of +/- 15 v. is still used in ne
3、twork interface cards today.,Famous Quote From Sir Isaac Newton,“If I have been able to see farther than others, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants.”,What Is the Internet?,A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infras
4、tructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the sam
5、e office to anywhere in the world.,Written by William F. Slater, III 1996 President of the Chicago Chapter of the Internet Society,Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA,The largest network of networks in the world. Uses TCP/IP protocols and packet switching . Runs on any communica
6、tions substrate.,What is the Internet?,From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IP,Brief History of the Internet,1968 - DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) contracts with BBN (Bolt, Beranek & Newman) to create ARPAnet 1970 - First five nodes: UCLA Stanford UC Santa Barbara U of Utah, an
7、d BBN 1974 - TCP specification by Vint Cerf 1984 On January 1, the Internet with its 1000 hosts converts en masse to using TCP/IP for its messaging,* Internet History *,A Brief Summary of the Evolution of the Internet,1945,1995,Memex Conceived 1945,WWW Created 1989,Mosaic Created 1993,A Mathematical
8、 Theory ofCommunication 1948,Packet Switching Invented 1964,Silicon Chip 1958,First Vast Computer Network Envisioned 1962,ARPANET 1969,TCP/IP Created 1972,Internet Named and GoesTCP/IP 1984,Hypertext Invented 1965,Age of eCommerce Begins 1995,Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA,
9、From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow 1940s to 1969,1945,1969,We can accessinformation using electronic computers,We do it reliably with “bits”, sending and receiving data,We can do it cheaply by using Digital circuits etched in silicon.,We can accomplish a lot by having a vast network
10、 of computers to use for accessing information and exchanging ideas,We will prove that packet switching works over a WAN.,Packet switching can be used to send digitized data though computer networks,Hypertext can be used to allow rapid access to text data,Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chic
11、ago, IL, USA,From Simple, But Significant Ideas Bigger Ones Grow 1970s to 1995,1970,1995,Ideas from 1940s to 1969,We need a protocol for Efficient and Reliable transmission of Packets over a WAN: TCP/IP,The ARPANET needs to convert to a standard protocol and be renamed to The Internet,Computers conn
12、ected via the Internet can be used more easily if hypertext links are enabled using HTMLand URLs: its called World Wide Web,The World Wide Web is easier to use if we have a browser that To browser web pages, running in a graphical user interface context.,Great efficiencies can be accomplished if we
13、use The Internet and the World Wide Web to conduct business.,Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA,The Creation of the Internet,The creation of the Internet solved the following challenges: Basically inventing digital networking as we know it Survivability of an infrastructure to
14、send / receive high-speed electronic messages Reliability of computer messaging,Copyright 2002, William F. Slater, III, Chicago, IL, USA,Tribute to the Internet Pioneers,The Internet we know and love today, would not exist without the hard work of a lot of bright people. The technologies and standar
15、ds they created make todays Internet and World Wide Web possible. They deserve recognition and our gratitude for changing the world with the Internet. In this presentation, we will identify and pay tribute to several of the people who made the Internet and the World Wide Web possible,Internet Pionee
16、rs in this Presentation,Vannevar Bush,Summary: Vannevar Bush established the U.S. military / university research partnership that later developed the ARPANET. He also wrote the first visionary description of the potential use for information technology, inspiring many of the Internets creators.Presi
17、dent Roosevelt appointed Bush to Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee in 1940 to help with World War II. In 1941, Bush was appointed Director of the newly created “Office of Scientific Research and Development“, established to coordinate weapons development research. The organization
18、employed more than 6000 scientists by the end of the war, and supervised development of the atom bomb. From 1946 to 1947, Bush served as chairman of the Joint Research and Development Board. Out of this effort would later come DARPA, which would later do the ARPANET Project.Quote: “Consider a future
19、 device for individual use, which is a sort of mechanized private file and library. It needs a name, and to coin one at random, “memex“ will do. A memex is a device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exce
20、eding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory. It consists of a desk, and while it can presumably be operated from a distance, it is primarily the piece of furniture at which he works. On the top are slanting translucent screens, on which material can be projected
21、for convenient reading. There is a keyboard, and sets of buttons and levers. Otherwise it looks like an ordinary desk. Vannevar Bush; As We May Think; Atlantic Monthly; July 1945,Source: L,Claude Shannon,The Father of Modern Information Theory Published a”A Mathematical Theory of Communication” in 1
22、948: Before Shannon, it was commonly believed that the only way of achieving arbitrarily small probability of error in a communication channel was to reduce the transmission rate to zero. All this changed in 1948 with the publication of A Mathematical Theory of Communication, where Shannon character
23、ized a channel by a single parameter; the channel capacity, and showed that it was possible to transmit information at any rate below capacity with an arbitrarily small probability of error. His method of proof was to show the existence of a single good code by averaging over all possible codes. His
24、 paper established fundamental limits on the efficiency of communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of finding families of codes that achieve capacity. The method of random coding does not produce an explicit example of a good code, and in fact it has taken fifty years for codi
25、ng theorists to discover codes that come close to these fundamental limits on telephone line channels. Created the idea that all information could be represented using 1s and 0s. Called these fundamental units BITS. Created the concept data transmission in BITS per second. Won a Nobel prize for his
26、masters thesis in 1936, titled, “A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits”, it provided mathematical techniques for building a network of switches and relays to realize a specific logical function, such as a combination lock.,Source: http:/ C. R. Licklider,Summary: Joseph Carl Robnett “Li
27、ck“ Licklider developed the idea of a universal network, spread his vision throughout the IPTO, and inspired his successors to realize his dream by creation of the ARPANET. He also developed the concepts that led to the idea of the Netizen.Licklider also realized that interactive computers could pro
28、vide more than a library function, and could provide great value as automated assistants. He captured his ideas in a seminal paper in 1960 called Man-Computer Symbiosis, in which he described a computer assistant that could answer questions, perform simulation modeling, graphically display results,
29、and extrapolate solutions for new situations from past experience. Like Norbert Wiener, Licklider foresaw a close symbiotic relationship between computer and human, including sophisticated computerized interfaces with the brain. Quote: It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence
30、, a thinking center that will incorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval. The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communication lines and to individual us
31、ers by leased-wire services. In such a system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users. - J.C.R. Licklider, Man-Computer Symbiosis, 1960.,Source: L,Paul Baran,Summary: Paul Baran develo
32、ped the field of packet switching networks while conducting research at the historic RAND organization.In 1959, a young electrical engineer named Paul Baran joined RAND from Hughes Aircrafts systems group. The US Air Force had recently established one of the first wide area computer networks for the
33、 SAGE radar defence system, and had an increasing interest in survivable, wide area communications networks so they could reorganize and respond after a nuclear attack, diminishing the attractiveness of a first strike option by the Soviet Union. Baran began an investigation into development of survi
34、vable communications networks, the results of which were first presented to the Air Force in the summer of 1961 as briefing B-265, then as paper P-2626, and then as a series of eleven comprehensive papers titled On Distributed Communications in 1964. Barans study describes a remarkably detailed arch
35、itecture for a distributed, survivable, packet switched communications network. The network is designed to withstand almost any degree of destruction to individual components without loss of end-to-end communications. Since each computer could be connected to one or more other computers, it was assu
36、med that any link of the network could fail at any time, and the network therefore had no central control or administration. Barans architecture was well designed to survive a nuclear conflict, and helped to convince the US Military that wide area digital computer networks were a promising technolog
37、y. Baran also talked to Bob Taylor and J.C.R. Licklider at the IPTO about his work, since they were also working to build a wide area communications network. His 1964 series of papers then influenced Roberts and Kleinrock to adopt the technology for development of the ARPANET network a few years lat
38、er, laying the groundwork that leads to its continued use today. Baran has also received several awards, including the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal, and the Marconi International Fellowship Award.,Source: L,Ted Nelson,Ted Nelson is a somewhat controversial figure in the computing world. For thir
39、ty-something years he has been having grand ideas but has never seen them through to completed projects. His biggest project, Xanadu, was to be a world-wide electronic publishing system that would have created a sort universal library for the people. He is known for coining the term “hypertext.“ He
40、is also seen as something of a radical figure, opposing authority and tradition. He has been called “one of the most influential contrarians in the history of the information age.“ (Edwards, 1997). He often repeats his four maxims by which he leads his life: “most people are fools, most authority is
41、 malignant, God does not exist, and everything is wrong.“ (Wolf, 1995) Xanadu Nelson continued to expound his ideas, but he did not possess the technical knowledge to tell others how his ideas could be implemented, and so many people simply ignored him (and have ever since). Still, Nelson persisted.
42、 In 1967, he named his system XANADU, and with the help of interested, mainly younger, computer hacks continued to develop it. Xanadu was concieved as a tool to preserve and increase humanitys literature and art. Xanadu would consist of a world-wide network that would allow information to be stored
43、not as separate files but as connected literature. Documents would remain accessible indefinitely. Users could create virtual copies of any document. Instead of having copyrighted materials, the owners of the documents would be automatically paid via electronic means a micropayment for the virtual c
44、opying of their documents. Xanadu has never been totally completed and is far from being implemented. In many ways Tim Berners-Lees World Wide Web is a similar, though much less grand, system. In 1999, the Xanadu code was made open source.,Source: www.ibiblio.org/pioneers,Xanadu Logo,Leonard Kleinro
45、ck,Summary: Leonard Kleinrock is one of the pioneers of digital network communications, and helped build the early ARPANET. Kleinrock published his first paper on digital network communications, Information Flow in Large Communication Nets, in the RLE Quarterly Progress Report, in July, 1961. He dev
46、eloped his ideas further in his 1963 Ph.D. thesis, and then published a comprehensive analytical treatment of digital networks in his book Communication Nets in 1964. After completing his thesis in 1962, Kleinrock moved to UCLA, and later established the Network Measurement Center (NMC), led by hims
47、elf and consisting of a group of graduate students working in the area of digital networks. In 1966, Roberts joined the IPTO with a mandate to develop the ARPANET, and used Kleinrocks Communication Nets to help convince his colleagues that a wide area digital communication network was possible. In O
48、ctober, 1968, Roberts gave a contract to Kleinrocks NMC as the ideal group to perform ARPANET performance measurement and find areas for improvement. On a historical day in early September, 1969, a team at Kleinrocks NMC connected one of their SDS Sigma 7 computers to an Interface Message Processor,
49、 thereby becoming the first node on the ARPANET, and the first computer ever on the Internet. As the ARPANET grew in the early 1970s, Kleinrocks group stressed the system to work out the detailed design and performance issues involved with the worlds first packet switched network, including routing,
50、 loading, deadlocks, and latency. The UCLA Netwatch program now performs similar functions to Kleinrocks Network Management Center from the ARPANET years. Kleinrock has continued to be active in the research community, and has published more than 200 papers and authored six books. In August, 1989, he organized and chaired a symposium commemorating the 20th anniversary of the ARPANET, which later produced the document RFC 1121, titled “Act One - The Poems“.,
