1、2011年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：44.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.acoustic phonetics（分数：2.00）_2.allophonic variation（分数：2.00）_3.back-formation（分数：2.00）_4.government（分数：2.00）_5.anaphor（分数：2.00）_6.cognate（分数：2.00）_7.spoonerism（分数：2.00）_8.conversational maxim（分数：2.00）_9.face validity（分数：2.00）_10
2、.negative transfer（分数：2.00）_二、音标题(总题数：2，分数：4.00)11.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound. phonetic description phonetic symbol English word (1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2)palatal gl
3、ide (3)high back tense rounded vowel (4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded vowel （分数：2.00）_12.In the African language Manika, the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two
4、 phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underlying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the wordsdumuni“eating“ andsungoli“sleeping“ to illustrate the process of derivation. bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair d
5、ilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping（分数：2.00）_三、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)13.What is a “slip of the tongue“? What has research into “slip of the tongue“ phenomen
6、a revealed about speech production process?（分数：2.00）_14.Please give a brief account of the relevance theory.（分数：2.00）_15.In your opinion, in what ways can corpus data contribute to lexical studies?（分数：2.00）_16.Please describe error analysis procedures in second language research.（分数：2.00）_四、分析题(总题数：
7、6，分数：12.00)17.Analyze the morphemic structure of the English words gentlemanliness and unlockable, using a labeled tree diagram to illustrate the morphemic structure of the word under analysis. (1)gentlemanliness(2)unlockable（分数：2.00）_18.The English sentences given below are ungrammatical. You are r
8、equired to give the syntactic explanation to the ungrammatically in each of the sentences. (1)* Jack put his ball.(2)* I wonder Michael walked the dog.(3)* Frank thinks himself is a superstar.（分数：2.00）_19.Phrases are considered to be syntactic units, or constituents. The phrases labeled in the sente
9、nce given below can be independently verified with the help of some special tests. You are required to use two tests as they apply to XP-level constituents for verification. You may draw a tree diagram for demonstration if you think it is necessary. The children NP willstopat the corner PP VP if the
10、y see us do so.（分数：2.00）_20.The English sentence is given below. You are required to(1)give the Deep Structure of the sentence,(2)give all the rules relevant to Interrogative Transformation, and(3)transform the Deep Structure of the sentence into its Surface Structure by applying the rules you have
11、given. Tree diagrams for DS and SS are necessary. What did John eat?（分数：2.00）_21.State about ONE of the two topics given below(minimally 200 words). (1)In English, the plurality of countable nouns can be represented in several forms, or suffixes. The following are examples of some of such forms. Are
12、 these suffixes of plurality the allomorphs of one and the same morpheme, or are they different morphemes? State the reasons for your answer to the question. Singular Plural Singular Plural dwarf dwarfss stratum strata dogs dogsz thesis thesesi:z wife wivesz bureau burauxz ox oxen （分数：2.00）_22.State
13、 about any speech production model that you are familiar with. Use an utterance example to illustrate your understanding of the chosen model and explain how it accounts for the exchange error of “This is the happiest life of my day“.（分数：2.00）_2011年南开大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷答案解析(总分：44.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数
14、：10，分数：20.00)1.acoustic phonetics（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is a branch of phonetics which studies the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech.)解析：解析：(考查声学语言学)2.allophonic variation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment is calle
15、d allophonic variation.)解析：解析：(考查音位变体)3.back-formation（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language.)解析：解析：(考查逆构词法)4.government（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It is a syntactic relati
16、on of another type of control, which is realized in three possible forms; first, the relation between a head and an object or other complement; second, a relation between such a head and the case of an object; third, a relation elements development in “Government and Binding Theory“ into a general p
17、rinciple by which elements are assigned by other elements that c-command them.)解析：解析：(考查支配)5.anaphor（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It means a word or phrase with an anaphoric function.)解析：解析：(考查照应语)6.cognate（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It means a word in one language which is similar in form and meaning to a word in
18、another language because both languages have descended from a common source.)解析：解析：(考查同源词)7.spoonerism（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It means the initial letter or letters of two words are transposed.)解析：解析：(考查首音互换)8.conversational maxim（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：This is the principle suggested by Grice about the r
19、egularity in conversation, which reads “ Make your conversational contribution such as required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. “ There are four categories of maxims under it, namely, quantity maxims, quality maxim
20、s, relation maxim, and manner maxims.)解析：解析：(考查会话原则合作原则)9.face validity（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Face validity is based on the subjective judgment of an observer. If the test appears to be measuring what it intends to measure, the test is considered to have face validity.)解析：解析：(考查卷面效度)10.negative transf
21、er（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In learning a second language, learners will subconsciously use their mother tongue knowledge. This is known as language transfer. When the structures of the languages are different, negative transfer or interference will occur and result in errors.)解析：解析：(考查负迁移)二、音标题(总题数：2，分数
22、：4.00)11.Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions, and then give an English word that contains this sound. phonetic description phonetic symbol English word (1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop (2)palatal glide (3)high back tense rounded vowel (4)na
23、salized low-mid back lax rounded vowel （分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stoppspeak(2 points) (2)palatal glidejyet(2 points) (3)high back tense rounded vowelu:blue(2 points) (4)nasalized low-mid back lax rounded voweldbox(2 points)解析：解析：考查语音描写。12.In the African language Manika,
24、the affix, the meaning of which is similar to that of the suffix -ing in English, has two phonetic forms, as shown in the data given below. You are required to(1)give the two phonetic forms of the affix;(2)give the underlying form of the affix;(3)write a formal phonological rule to derive the underl
25、ying form of the affix to its phonetic forms, using the wordsdumuni“eating“ andsungoli“sleeping“ to illustrate the process of derivation. bugo hit bugoli hittingdila repair dilali repairingdon come donni comingdumu eat dumuni eatinggwen chase gwenni chasingda lie down dali lying downfamu know famni
26、knowingmen hear menni hearingsungo sleep sungoli sleeping（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：(1)The two phonetic forms of the affix; -ni; -li.(3 points) (2)The underlying form of the affix: -ing.(2 points) (3)/ing/ni/mu li/go(3 points)In the example,niandliare two different phones and are variants of the phoneme /
27、ing/. Such variants of a phoneme are called allophones of the same phoneme. In this case, the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution because they never occur in the same context. That is to say,nialways occurs aftermu, whilelialways occurs aftergo.(4 points)解析：解析：在所列单词中可以看出一个规律：表达一
28、ing这种形式时，go和a后面往往加li，而mu和en后面则添加ni。因此，可以得出结论：ni和li都是一 ing的变体，而且二者处于互补分布中。三、简答题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)13.What is a “slip of the tongue“? What has research into “slip of the tongue“ phenomena revealed about speech production process?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Slip of the tongue means the initial letter or letters o
29、f two words are transposed.(2 points) At a theoretical level, a promising start has been made by Garrett. He argues that producing speech is a much more complex matter than it might appear to be from our everyday experience. According to his model, there are altogether five different levels of repre
30、sentation involved in speaking a sentence, and they occur in the following sequence;(3 points) (1)The message-level representation; It is an abstract, pre-linguistic representation of the idea or ideas that the speaker wants to communicate. (2)The functional-level representation; It is an outline of
31、 the proposed utterance having grammatical structure; in other words, the slots for nouns, adjectives and so on, are allocated, but there are no actual words to fill the slots. (3)The positional-level representation; It differs from the functional level representation in that it incorporates the wor
32、ds of the sentence that is to be produced. (4)The phonetic-level representation; Of the necessary information about the ways the intended sentence are pronounced. (5)The articulatory-level representation; It is the final representation, and contains a set of instructions for articulating the words i
33、n a sentence in the correct order.(5 points) This complex theory of speech production has not yet been tested thoroughly. However, there are supporters for some of its major assumptions. In essence, Garrett claims that the speaker engages in a reasonable elaborate planning before begin to speak. One
34、 way of testing this notion is to consider the sorts of error that people make while talking. For example, if sounds or words from the end of a sentence intrude into the early part of a sentence, then it provides an evidence for the notion of forward planning, and the SPOONERISM(SLIP OF THE TONGUE)b
35、elongs to this type of error.(3 points)解析：解析：考查口误现象。这个概念指的是两个单词的前一个或前几个字母互换位置。请人们收集他们在日常言语中的口误对研究言语产生来说是一个比较有效的方法，Garrett 对此展开了研究，他宣称，说话者在说话之前会在合理范围内对要说的话进行计划。有些错误印证了他的这一观点，其中口误现象即是证据之一。它证明了人们在说出一个句子前确实有计划性。14.Please give a brief account of the relevance theory.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：This theory was f
36、ormally proposed by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson in their book Relevance-. Communication and Cognition in 1986. They argue that all Gricean maxims, including the CP itself, should be reduced to a single principle of relevance, which is defined as; Every act of ostensive communication communicates
37、the presumption of its own optimal relevance.(4 points) To understand this definition, we need to be clear about the key notions in it; “ostensive communication“ and “presumption of optimal relevance“.(1 point) From the speaker“s side, communication should be seen as an act of making clear one“s int
38、ention to express something. They call this act as ostensive act.(3 points) By “presumption of optimal relevance“ is meant; (a)The set of assumptionsI, which the communicator intends to make manifest to the addressee, is relevant enough to make it worth the addressee“s time to process the ostensive stimulus.(2 points) (b)The ostensive stimulus is the most relevant one the communicator could have used to communicateI.(2 points)解析：解析：考查关联理论。关联理论可以简化为关联原则。关联原则的定义是：每一个明示交际行为都传递一种假定：该行动本身具备最佳关联性。为了理解这个定义，我们需要搞清楚其中的关键概念：“明示交际行为”和“最佳关联假定”。从说话人方面讲，交际应该被看成一种表明自身说话意图的行为，这种行为被称为“明示行为”。而最
