1、2011年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷及答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH:language competence vs. language performance（分数：2.00）_2.hypotactic vs. paratactic languages（分数：2.00）_3.langue vs. parole（分数：2.00）_4.standard dialect（分数：2.00
2、）_5.immediate constituent（分数：2.00）_6.Define the following terms with at least two examples:binary analysis of word meaning（分数：2.00）_7.degradation of word meaning（分数：2.00）_8.analogy（分数：2.00）_9.semantic feature（分数：2.00）_10.co-occurrence（分数：2.00）_二、词汇题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.Determine the original term fro
3、m which the following words were back-formed:(10 points)workaholic（分数：2.00）_12.spam（分数：2.00）_13.telethon（分数：2.00）_14.modem（分数：2.00）_15.bit（分数：2.00）_16.brunch（分数：2.00）_17.transistor（分数：2.00）_18.motel（分数：2.00）_19.glimmer（分数：2.00）_20.medicares（分数：2.00）_三、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)21.What will you like to say t
4、o a statement like “one culture“s meat is another culture“s poison“?（分数：2.00）_22.What is the semantic triangle proposed by Ogden and Richards in their The Meaning of Meaning? Do you agree or not?（分数：2.00）_23.Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:According to John Austin“s s
5、peech act theory, to say is to do; i. e. , we do things with words. Do you know anything about his suggestions of “locutionary act“ , “ illocutionary act“ and “ perlocutionary act“ ? If you do, please demonstrate your understanding of them, with examples, if necessary.（分数：2.00）_2011年四川大学英语专业（语言学）真题试
6、卷答案解析(总分：46.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、名词解释(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.State what you know about the following terms IN ONE SENTENCE FOR EACH:language competence vs. language performance（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Competence refers to the ideal user“s knowledge of the rules of his language, while performance refers to the act
7、ual realization of the ideal user“s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.)解析：解析：(考查语言能力与语言运用)2.hypotactic vs. paratactic languages（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Hypotactic language means in the language, the dependent or subordinate constructions and relationship of clauses are c
8、onnected and shown by connectives, for example, English, while paratactic means in this language, clauses are arranged one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them, for example, Chinese.)解析：解析：(考查从属语言和并列语言)3.langue vs. parole（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Langue refers to the abst
9、ract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and it is the linguistic competence of the speaker, while parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.)解析：解析：(考查语言和言语)4.standard dialect（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：The standard dialect is a particular variety of a language
10、 in that it is not related to any particular group of language users, but it is the variety which any member of a speech community can possibly use regardless of his social and geographical backgrounds, his gender and age.)解析：解析：(考查标准方言)5.immediate constituent（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Immediate constitue
11、nts are constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction, which may be a sentence like Poor John ran away, a word group like poor John or a word and a word may also be analyzed into its immediate constituents, morphemes.)解析：解析：(考查直接成分)6.Define the following terms with at least t
12、wo examples:binary analysis of word meaning（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Binary analysis of word meaning means that in meaning analysis, if a word has the semantic feature A, then we can mark this word as+ A; if it does not have this semantic feature, then we can mark it as-A. For example, we can mark the fo
13、llowing words as man(+ Male, + Adult, + Human), woman(-Male, + Adult, + Human)and boy(+ Male, -Adult, + Human).)解析：解析：(考查对分法)7.degradation of word meaning（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：When the meaning of a word narrows toward an unfavorable meaning, it is called degradation or degeneration or pejorative chan
14、ge. Some words once respectable may become less so and others once neutral in meaning may acquire a pejorative connotation. A “villain“ , for example, was originally a man who worked on a farm or villa. At first, it was a term implying no contempt, and came to be a term of reproach. Other words like
15、 this are churl(once a man), boor(once a farmer)and so on.)解析：解析：(考查词义的降格)8.analogy（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Analogy is a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor, which usually concentrates on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that several common quali
16、ties of points of resemblance. For example; The sunflowers are shaking their heads and smiling. The broomcorn seems to be teams of Young Pioneers.)解析：解析：(考查类比)9.semantic feature（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In componential analysis, the small components dissected from the lexical meaning of a word, such as +
17、 MALE, + HUMAN, and + ADULT, are called semantic components or semantic properties.)解析：解析：(考查语义特征)10.co-occurrence（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：It refers to that words of different sets or classes may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part
18、 of a sentence. For instance, what can precede a noun(dog)is usually the determiners and adjectives, and what can follow it when it takes the position of subject will be predicators such as bark, bite, run, etc.)解析：解析：(考查共现关系)二、词汇题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)11.Determine the original term from which the follow
19、ing words were back-formed:(10 points)workaholic（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：workaholic; work + a + holic; -holic, now used as suffix, evolves from the word “ alcoholic“ .)解析：12.spam（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：spam; “spam“ originates from “Spam“.)解析：13.telethon（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：telethon; television + thon; tele
20、- comes from “television“ , while -thon from “marathon“.)解析：14.modem（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：modem; “modem“ is the combination of “modulator“ and “demodulator“.)解析：15.bit（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：bit; “bit“ evolves from “bitten“.)解析：16.brunch（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：brunch; “brunch“ is the combination of “breakf
21、ast“ and “lunch“.)解析：17.transistor（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：transistor: “ transistor“ is the combination of “ transfer“ and “ resistor“.)解析：18.motel（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：motel; “motel“ is the combination of “motor“ and “hotel“.)解析：19.glimmer（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：glimmer: “glimmer“ originates from “glam“.)解
22、析：20.medicares（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：medicare; “medicare“ is the combination of “medical“ and “care“.)解析：三、简答题(总题数：3，分数：6.00)21.What will you like to say to a statement like “one culture“s meat is another culture“s poison“?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：In cross-cultural communication, when people have some tro
23、uble and do not know how to behave correctly, they tend to turn to their source culture for help.(1 point)This is a strategy often used by communicators in a new cultural setting. Convenient as it is, this strategy may not always work well. Far too many bad stories can be told to illustrate this poi
24、nt. This is because people from different communities think, behave, and speak differently. If we are not ready for this difference, we may run into trouble.(2 points)Therefore, a principle that cross-cultural communicators should follow is to understand the target culture by transcending the source
25、 culture. Put alternatively, try to do as the Romans do when in Rome.(2 points)解析：解析：考查文化差异与跨文化交际。“一种文化中的美味佳肴是另一种文化中的毒酒(萝卜白菜各有所爱)”。在跨文化交际中，我们的文化影响着我们的一言一行。我们要认识到这种差异，要了解语言背后的文化，在跨文化交际中做到“入乡随俗”。22.What is the semantic triangle proposed by Ogden and Richards in their The Meaning of Meaning? Do you agr
26、ee or not?（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Semantic triangle is a theory proposed by Ogden and Richards in The Meaning of Meaning, which argues that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by concept. In a diagram form, the relation is represented as follows;(2 points)
27、 This triangle cannot refer to the abstract concepts. Leech also uses sense as a briefer term for his conceptual meaning and we can say his conceptual meaning has two sides; sense and reference. To some extent, we can say every word has a sense, but not every word has a reference. What is more, it i
28、s not convenient to explain the meaning of a word in terms of the thing it refers to.(2 points) This theory can not explain everything. Though we can say every word has a sense, not every word has a reference, which means they don“t always refer to something. Grammatical words like but, if, and do n
29、ot refer to anything.(1 point)解析：解析：考查语义三角。语义三角是由奥格登和理查兹在意义的意义一书中提出的，“语义三角”表明，词和所指事物之间没有直接关系，而是以抽象的概念为中介的。23.Please briefly answer the following question IN ABOUT 500 WORDS:According to John Austin“s speech act theory, to say is to do; i. e. , we do things with words. Do you know anything about his
30、suggestions of “locutionary act“ , “ illocutionary act“ and “ perlocutionary act“ ? If you do, please demonstrate your understanding of them, with examples, if necessary.（分数：2.00）_正确答案：(正确答案：Speech act theory originated with the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950“s. It is a philosophic
31、al explanation of the nature of linguistic communication. According to this theory, we are performing various kinds of acts when we are speaking. A speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.(1 point) The first sense
32、 is that when we speak we move our vocal organs and produce a number of sounds, organized in a certain way and with a certain meaning. In this sense, when somebody says “ Morning!“ , he produced a sound, word or sentence “ Morning!“ The act performed in this sense is called a LOCUTIONARY ACT. Within
33、 this act, however, Austin suggests that there is another act. “In performing a locutionary act we shall also be performing such an act as; asking or answering a question, giving some information or an assurance or a warning, announcing a verdict or an intention, pronouncing sentence, making an appo
34、intment or an appeal or a criticism, making identification or giving a description and so on“. For example, to the above question “What did he do?“ We could perfectly well say “He offered a greeting. “(3 points) In other words, when we speak, we not only produce some units of language with certain m
35、eanings, but also make clear our purpose in producing them, the way we intend them to be understood, or they also have certain forces. In the example of “Morning!“ we can say it has the force of a greeting, or it ought to have been taken as a greeting. This is the second sense in which to say someth
36、ing is to do something, and the act performed is known as an ILLOCUTIONARY ACT.(2 points) The third sense in which to say something can mean to do something concerns the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. Telling somebody something the speaker may change the opinion of hearer on something, or mislead him, or surprise him, or induce to do something, etc. Whether or not these eff
