1、MBA 联考逻辑-61 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Selection to participate in a top executive-education program is an important rung on the ladder to top corporate jobs. U. S. corporations (1) billions of dollars in this form of management development - and use it to (2) and
2、 train fast-track managers. Yet one (3) of executive education found that less than 5% of the managers (4) to these high-profile programs are women - and minorities are terribly (5) as well.The numbers are (6) . In regular business (7) usually paid for by the participant, not an employer - there are
3、 plenty of women and minorities. Women, for example, (8) for about 30% of MBA candidates. Yet in the (9) programs paid for by corporations that round out a managers credentials at a (10) career point, usually at age 40 or 45, companies are making only a (11) investment in developing female and minor
4、ity executives. A case (12) point: Only about 30% of the 180 executives in Stanfords recent (13) management program were women.Most companies say these days they are (14) hiring and promoting women and minorities- and there are some (15) trends in overall employment and pay levels so why are compani
5、es (16) the ball when it (17) executive education? The schools (18) that they are neither the cause of nor the cure for the problem. A Harvard Business School dean figures that companies are (19) of sending their female executives (20) they dont want to lose them to competitors.（分数：10.00）(1).A endow
6、 B venture C invest D donate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A designate B identify C fabricate D approach（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A view B examination C survey D test（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A delivered B transported C transmitted D sent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A under-represented B underlined C underestimated D undermine
7、d（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A ridiculous B dreadful C shameful D cruel（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A projects B programs C plans D items（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A occupy B possess C account D take（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A privileged B prestigious C preferable D professional（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A important B key C weak
8、D normal（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A token B assurable C key D symbolic（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A beside B up to C in D to（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A inferior B dependent Cjunior D advanced（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A passively B aggressively C progressively D intensively（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A negative B right C po
9、sitive D wrong（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A dropping B carrying C bouncing D opening（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A comes in B comes to C comes on D comes from（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A apprehend B verify C maintain D promise（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A shy B coward C brave D fearful（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A that B while C
10、 because D But（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The discovery of life beyond Earth would transform not only our science but also our religions, our belief systems and our entire world-view. For in a sense, the search for extraterrestri
11、al life is really a search for ourselves-who we are and what our place is in the grand sweep of the cosmos.Contrary to popular belief, speculation that we are not alone in the universe is as old as philosophy itself. The essential steps in the reasoning were based on the atomic theory of the ancient
12、 Greek philosopher Democritus. Yet philosophy is one thing, filling in the physical details is another. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that biofriendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.Traditionally, biologists believed
13、that life is a freak-the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation of molecules. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is infinitesimal. This viewpoint derives from the second law of thermodynamics, which predicts that the universe is dying-slowly an
14、d inexorably degenerating toward a state of total chaos. And similar reasoning applies to evolution. According to the orthodox view, Darwinian selection is utterly blind. Any impression that the transition from microbes to man represents progress is pure chauvinism of our part. The path of evolution
15、 is merely a random walk through the realm of possibilities.If this is right, there can be no directionality, no innate drive forward; in particular, no push toward consciousness and intelligence. Should Earth be struck by an asteroid, destroying all higher life-forms, intelligent beings would almos
16、t certainly not arise next time around. There is, however, a contrary view-one that is gaining strength and directly challenges orthodox biology. It is that complexity can emerge spontaneously through a process of self- organization. If matter and energy have an inbuilt tendency to amplify and chann
17、el organized complexity, the odds against the formation of life and the subsequent evolution of intelligence could be drastically shortened.Historically, Bertrand Russell argued that a universe under a death sentence from the second law of thermodynamics rendered human life ultimately futile. All ou
18、r achievements, all our struggles, “all the noonday brightness of human genius,“ as he put it, would, in the final analysis, count for nothing if the very cosmos itself is doomed. But what if, in spite of the second law of thermodynamics, there can be systematic progress alongside decay? For those w
19、ho hope for a deeper meaning or purpose beneath physical existence, the presence of extraterrestrial life-forms would provide a spectacular boost, implying that we live in a universe that is in some sense getting better and better rather than worse and worse.（分数：10.00）(1).The writer organizes his id
20、eas in the text mainly byA justifying popular beliefs.B making comparisons.C looking back on history.D posing sharp contrasts.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).On the possibilities of life beyond Earth astronomers and ancient philosophers views areA opposite.B similar.C divergent.D contrary.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).
21、It is the belief of orthodox biology that Darwinian evolutionismA is fully based on illusions.B focuses purely on reasoning.C is utterly entitled to worship.D comes to account for nothing.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Under the law of thermodynamics, the universe is supposedA to push forward progress.B to gi
22、ve rise to other life-forms.C to make for a total chaos.D to improve by wide margins.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).If there were push to direct organized complexity, chances of intelligence evolution wouldA be wrecked.B level off.C be shortened.D crop up.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite decad
23、es of scientific research, no one yet knows how much damage human activity is doing to the environment. Humans are thought to be responsible for a whole host of environmental problems, ranging from global warning to ozone depletion. What is not in doubt, however, is the devastating effect humans are
24、 having on the animal and plant life of the planet.Currently, an estimated 50,000 species become extinct every year. If this carries on, the impact on all living creatures is likely to be profound, says Dr. Nick Middleton, a geographer at Oxford University. “ All species depend in some way on each o
25、ther to survive. And the danger is that, if you remove one species from this very complex web of interrelationships, you have very little idea about the knock-on effects of other extinctions. “Complicating matters is the fact that there are no obvious solutions to the problem. Unlike global warning
26、and ozone depletionwhich, if the political will was there, could be reduced by cutting gas emissionspreserving biodiversity remains an intractable problem.The latest idea is “ sustainable management “ , which is seen as a practical and economical way of protecting species from extinction. This means
27、 humans should be able to use any species of animal or plant for their benefit, provided enough individuals of that species are left alive to ensure its continued existence.For instance, instead of depending on largely ineffective laws against poaching, it gives local people a good economic reason t
28、o preserve plants and animals. In Zimbabwe, there is a sustainable management project elephants. Foreign tourists pay large sums of money to kill these animals for sport. This money is then given to the inhabitants of the area where the hunting takes place. In theory, locals will be encouraged to pr
29、otect elephants, instead of poaching themor allowing others to poach thembecause of the economic benefit involved.This sounds like a sensible strategy, but it remains to be seen whether it will work. With corruption endemic in many developing countries, some observers are skeptical that the money wi
30、ll actually reach the people it is intended forOthers wonder how effective the locals will be at stopping poachers.There are also questions about whether sustainable management is practical when it comes to protecting areas of great-bio-diversity such as the worlds tropical forests. In theory, the p
31、rinciple should be the same as with elephantsallow logging companies to cut down a certain number of trees, but not so many as to completely destroy the forest.Sustainable management of forests requires controls on the number of trees which are cut down, as well as investment in replacing them. But
32、because almost all tropical forests are located in countries which desperately need revenue from logging, there are few regulations to do this. Moreover, unrestricted logging is so much more profitable that wood prices from managed forests would cost up to five times morean increase that consumers,
33、no matter how “ green “ , are unlikely to pay. For these reasons, sustainable management of tropical forests is unlikely to become widespread in the near future. This is disheartening news. Its estimated these forests contain anything from 50 to 90 percent of all animal and plant species on Earth. I
34、n one study of a five-square-kilometer area of rain forest in Peru, for instance, scientists counted 1,300 species of butterfly and 600 species of bird. In the entire continental United States, only 400 species of butterfly and 700 species of bird have been recorded.Scientist Professor Norman Myers
35、sees this situation as a gigantic “ experiment were conducting with our planet “ . “ We dont know what the outcome will be. If we make a mess of it, we cant move to another planetIts a case of one planet, one experiment. /（分数：10.00）(1).What damage do we know for sure is human activity doing to the e
36、nvironment?A Global warming and ozone depletion.B Species extinction and corruptionC Sustainable management.D A gigantic experiment were conducting with Earth.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What is an effective way to preserve biodiversity?A Reduction of the impact of species extinction on others.B Sustainabl
37、e management of the worlds tropical forests.C Encouragement of political will to reduce gas emission.D No effective way has been found yet.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).What is NOT true about the idea of sustainable management?A It bans any form of hunting and logging to protect plants and animals.B It allow
38、s humans to cut plants and kill animals for economic benefits.C It ensures the survival of each species by leaving enough individuals alive.D It encourages humans to protect species from extinction for economic gain.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What factors might NOT affect the practicality of sustainable m
39、anagement?A Whether there is corruption in the government.B Whether there are corresponding regulations.C Whether produced goods have attractive prices.D Whether people are aware of the danger that the earth will be destroyed.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Why is sustainable management of tropical forests unl
40、ikely to be used in the near future?A Because tropical forests contain a majority of animal and plant species on Earth.B Because we have to wait until the experiment in Peru and the U. S. is finished.C Because we have no idea about its effect, and if it fails, our planet will be destroyed.D Because
41、besides tropical forests, other areas such as the U. S. also have biodiversity.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies
42、 didnt innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers.There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation comes most nat
43、urally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensens 1997 classic, The Innovators Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change.But a shift in thinking is under way,
44、driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challengesand potential business opportunitiesare problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems.Solutions wont come from the next new gadget o
45、r clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sectors.“These days,
46、more than ever, size matters in the innovation game,“ said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation with technology
47、 in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so-called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption.
48、In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe a
49、nd Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways.These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and opti
