1、考博英语-104 及答案解析(总分：94.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BPart Reading (总题数：4，分数：20.00)I find it wholesome to be alone the greater part of the time, to be in company, even with the best, is soon wearisome and dissipating, and I never found a companion so companionable as solitude.We are for the most part more lonely wh
2、en we go abroad than when we stay in our chambers, for solitude is not measured by the space that intervenes between a man and his fellows.The farmer, who can work alone all day without feeling lonesome, but must recreate with others at night, wonders how the student can sit alone at night; he does
3、not realize the student, though in the house, is actually at work in his field, chopping his wood as the farmer is in his.Society is commonly too cheap: we meet at very short intervals, not having had time to ac- quire any new value for each other; we meet at meats three times a day and try to give
4、each other a new taste of that musty old cheese that we ate; we live thick and are in each others way, and I think that we thus lose some respect for one another.We have now agreed on a certain set of rules, called etiquette and politeness, to make this frequent meeting tolerable; certainly less fre
5、quency would suffice for all important and hearty communications between men.It would be better if there were but one inhabitant to a square mile, as where I live, for as the value of a man is not in his skin, we need not touch him.（分数：5.00）(1).The author of this selection finds solitude_.（分数：1.00）A
6、.lonelyB.wearisomeC.healthy, sound and comfortingD.dissipating(2).A person can be more lonely among men than by himself at home because_.（分数：1.00）A.loneliness is a state of mindB.solitude is not measured in milesC.loneliness is not the same as being aloneD.all of the above(3).The example of the farm
7、er and the student shows that_.（分数：1.00）A.work satisfies mans need for solitudeB.men are not lonely when they are workingC.solitude is a necessary condition of workD.man need recreation with men after working(4).Through this example, the author implies that_.（分数：1.00）A.loneliness is a necessity for
8、menB.recreation with others is valuelessC.loneliness is not equal to solitudeD.work is mans means of escape from loneliness(5).By living “thick“, the author thinks probably we will_.（分数：1.00）A.find new values in ourselvesB.increase the value of our friendshipsC.lose respect for one anotherD.acquire
9、respect of societyToday, American colleges and universities are under strong attack from many quarters. Teachers, it is charged, are not doing a good job of teaching, and students are not doing a good job of learning. American businesses and industries suffer from unenterprising, nncreative executiv
10、es educated not to think for themselves but to mouth outdated truism the rest of the world has long discarded. College graduates lack both basic skills and general culture. Studies are conducted and reports are issued on the status of higher education, but any changes that result either are largely
11、cosmetic or make a bad situation worse.One aspect of American education too seldom challenged is the lecture system. Professors continue to lecture and students to take notes much as they did in the 13th century. This time is long overdue for us to abandon the lecture system and mru to methods that
12、really work.One problem with lectures is that listening intelligently is hard work. Even simply payirig attention is difficult. Many students believe years of watching TV has sabotaged their attention span, but their real problem is that listening attentively is much harder than they think.Worse sti
13、ll, attending lectures is passive learning, at least for inexperienced listeners. Active learning, in which students write essays or perform experiments and then have their work evaluated by an instructor, is far more beneficial for those who have net yet fully learned how to learn. While its true t
14、hat techniques of active listening, such as trying to anticipate the speaker s next point or taking notes selectively, can enhance the value of a lecture, few students possess such skills at the beginning of their college career. More commonly, students try to write everything down and even bring ta
15、pe recorders to class in a clumsy effort to capture every word.The lecture system ultimately harms professors as well. It reduces feedback to a minimum, so that the lecturer can neither judge how well students understand the material nor benefit from their questions or comments.If lectures make no s
16、ense, why have they been allowed to continue? Administrators love them, of course. They can cram far more students into a lecture hall than a discussion class. But the truth is that faculty members, and even students, conspire with them to keep the lecture sys- tem alive and well. Professors can pre
17、tend to teach by lecturing just as the students can pretend to learn by attending lectures. Moreover, if lectures afford some students an opportunity to sit back and let the professor run the show, they offer some professors an irresistible forum for showing off.Smaller classes in which students are
18、 required to involve themselves in discussion put an end to students passivity. Students become actively involved when forced to question their own ideas as well as their instructors. Such interchanges help professors do their job better because they allow them to discover who knows what-before fina
19、l exam, not after. When exams are given in this type of course, they can require analysis and synthesis from the students, not empty memorization. Classes like this require energy, imagination, and commitment from professors, all of which can be exhausting. But they compel students to share responsi
20、bility for their own intellectual growth.Lectures will never entirely disappear from the university scene both because they seem to be economically necessary and because they spring from a long tradition in a setting that values tradition for its own sake. But the lectures too frequently come at the
21、 wrong end of the students educational career-during the first 2 years, when they most need close, even individual, instruction. If lecture classes were restricted to junior and senior undergraduates and to graduate students, who are less in need of scholarly nurturing and more able to prepare work
22、on their own, they would be far less destructive of students interests and enthusiasms than the present system. After all, students must learn to listen before they can listen to learn.（分数：5.00）(1).According to the author, the lecture system_.（分数：1.00）A.encourages efficient learningB.stimulates stud
23、ents to ask questionsC.helps professors teach betterD.discourages students attendance and preparation(2).In order to cultivate their thinking skills, students dont need to_.（分数：1.00）A.doodle in their notebooks or bring tape recorders to classB.debateC.challenge professorsD.participate in group discu
24、ssion(3).The author implies that large lecture classes_.（分数：1.00）A.require students to have well-developed listening skillsB.are a modern inventionC.encourage participationD.are more harmful for juniors and seniors than freshmen(4).The author implies that administrators love lectures because_.（分数：1.
25、00）A.students learn better in lecturesB.professors teach better through lecturingC.professors can display in lecturesD.schools make more money on lecture classes(5).Which of the following statements would be a title for this passage?（分数：1.00）A.How to Benefit from Lecture Classes.B.The Necessity of C
26、lassroom Lecturing.C.Problems with Lecture Classes.D.College Lectures: an Inspirational Tradition.She was slim and he liked her that way. So he called a lawyer. The result was a contract. According to the document, the fresh-faced bride agreed to pay a fine for each pound she gained in weight, the m
27、oney refundable upon its loss. The paper signed, and the wedding went on. This is a prenuptial agreementone more indication of the strange pass of marriage in this most trans- actional decade. You are welcome to marriage, contractual style, where increasingly detailed le- gal documents spell out eve
28、rything from who s going to do the dishes to who s going to get the house when you split.This is family planning taken to extreme. Once employed solely by the rich, second-timers and the old industrialist carrying off the latest young cookie, the prenuptial agreementa written pact between a couple o
29、utlining the financial obligation in the event of divorceis becoming com- monplace in a litigious, disillusioned and materialistic age in which one in every two marriages is projected to end in divorce.The only question is: What about love? When asked whether anyone believes in Cupid any-more, Dr. M
30、ichael Vincent Miller says, “Given a century that is full of sexual liberation, com- purer-dating services and so on, one feels tempted to reply, Only in a mood of desperate nostalgia. “Prenups do assume negativity. Founded on disillusionment, they cannot be separated from the United States.“ The re
31、sult, argues Miller, is a kind of defending mentality. “We have got good at managing finiteness, failure and trouble with a sort of Whats yours and whats mine is mines realism. Weve seen it isnt all about love. Weve seen theres power politics in therea fight for control, and when youve got those thi
32、ngs, youre half way to lawyers and money.“In other ways, however, the compacts embody positive, even idealistic thinking about marriage, love and relations, a law scholar Isabel Marcus believes. Marcus says, “Contracts could spell the end of romantic love as salvation. They say love exists, but that
33、 its best accompanied by good, hard thinking about equitability.“By writing a contract, the couple gains control of its marriage. “What s good is it contributes to honesty; what s unfortunate is the idea that any contract can govern your emotions,“ says the author of the book The Nature of Love.（分数：
34、5.00）(1).The scene described in the first paragraph_.（分数：1.00）A.is a part of a comedy filmB.is something rareC.is something real and becoming common dailyD.is ridiculous(2).According to the passage, people_.（分数：1.00）A.know more about how to protect their interestsB.are enjoying more equality in thei
35、r marriagesC.believe the law undoubtedlyD.have a high divorce rate(3).The phenomenon of prenups _.（分数：1.00）A.shows the improvement of peoples lifeB.shows that people nowadays are more realistic than romanticC.is the product of womens liberationD.shows that people dont believe each other(4).Some peop
36、le argue that prenups are positive because they _.（分数：1.00）A.guarantee the equality of everyoneB.make love accompanied by a balance relation between the twoC.guarantee the freedom and equal rights of womenD.make marriages suit the modern timers better(5).What is the main idea of the passage?（分数：1.00
37、）A.Cupid is cast aside as prenuptlal agreements become common.B.Prenuptial agreements will provide you dignity when you divorce.C.Prenuptial agreements and marriages are mutually inclusive.D.Yours is yours and mine is mine.No one disagrees with the economic necessity of geographically extending a pr
38、oduct. Not only does it increase turnover but also it makes economies of scale possible, thus giving companies a competitive advantage in local markets. But how far do we push the global idea? Should we globalize all aspects of a brand: its name, its creative concept and the product itself?Global br
39、anding implies the wish to extend all three aspects throughout the world. Rarely, though, is it realistic and profitable to extend all of Ihem? The Mars brand, for instance, is not absolutely global. The Mars chocolate bar is sold as an all-round nutritious snack in the UK and as an energizer in Eur
40、ope. Nestle adapts the taste of its worldwide brands to local markets. The Nescafe formulas vary worldwide.Nowhere is globalization more desirable than in sectors that revolve around mobility, such as the car rental and airline industries. When a brand in these sectors is seen as being international
41、, its authority and expertise are automatically accepted. Companies such as Hertz, Avis and Europcar globalized their advertising campaigns by portraying typical images such as the busy executive. An Italian businessman will identify more with a hurried businessman who is not Italian than with an It
42、alian who is not a businessman.The main aim of such global marketing campaigns is not to increase sales but to maximize profitability. For example, instead of bringing out different TV advertisements for each country, a firm can use a single film for one region. The McCann-Erikson agency is proud of
43、 the fact that it has saved Coca-Cola $ 90m over the past 20 years by producing commercials with global appeal.Social and cultural developments provide a favorable platform for globalization. When young people no longer identify with long-established local values, they seek new models on which to bu
44、ild their identity. They are then open to influence from abroad. When drinking Coca-Cola, we all drink the American myth-fresh, young, dynamic, powerful, all American images. Nike tells young people everywhere to surpass themselves, to transcend the confines of their race and culture.Globalization i
45、s also made easier when a brand is built around a cultural stereotype. AEG, BOSCH, Siemens, Mercedes and BMW rest secure on the “Made in Germany“ model, which opens up the global market since the stereotype goes beyond national boundaries. People every- where associate the stereotype with robust per
46、formance.Barilla is another example: it is built on the classic Italian image of tomato sauce, pasta, a carefree way of life, songs and sun. IKEA furniture epitomizes Sweden. Laneome expresses the sophistication of the French woman.Certain organizational factors ease the shift to a global brand. Ame
47、rican firms, for instance, are naturally geared towards globalization because marketing in their huge domestic market already treats America as a single entity despite its social and cultural differences.Another organizational factor concerns the way US companies first expanded in Europe. Many set u
48、p European headquarters, usually based in Brussels or London. From early on Europe was considered a single and homogeneous area.Finally, a single center of production is also a great advantage. Procter up will further invigorate economic development. Social stability and national unity provide the b
49、asic guarantee for the modernization drive. Furthermore, the theory, the line and the policy of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, which evolved through practice, clearly indicate the direction for continued progress./U 52. UViewed from a global perspective, the peaceful international environment and our countrys good peripheral relations can be expected to continue and therefore we can persist in our efforts towards sustainable development. The scientific and tech
