1、考博英语-591 及答案解析(总分：85.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Listening (总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Section Vocabulary(总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.His career _ in his appointment as director.A. contaminated B. culminated C. contracted D. contacted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.2.We are convinced that we are on the _ of an important discovery.A. thres
2、hold B. household C. thread D. entrance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.3.If we say something is _, we mean that we find it extremely pleasant or enjoyable.A. gracious B. gloomy C. gigantic D. gorgeous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.4.The trucks _ heavy goods from factories to the ports.A. pull B. haul C. drag D. push（分数：0.50）A.B
3、.C.D.5.The girl _ when she couldnt answer the question in the presence of all her classmates.A. flourished B. flattered C. flushed D. fluttered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.6.A _ translation is not always the closest to the original meaning.A. liberal B. literal C. literary D. literate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.7.She _ he
4、rself bitterly for her behavior that evening.A. blamed B. accused C. reproached D. scolded（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.8.The students are attracted by the _ of the snow-covered mountains when they look out of the train.A. notability B. nobility C. majesty D. visibility（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.9.The flowers in the vase
5、_ because they had no water.A. withered B. wrinkled C. ripened D. prospered（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.10.She _ some salt on her food to make it taste better.A. sprinkled B. sprayed C. scattered D. dispersed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.11.The hum of conversation _ as the chairman mounted the rostrum.A. died out B. died of
6、f C. died of D. died away（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.12.The old man was remarkably _. He was a musician, engineer, writer and philosopher.A. unilateral B. universal C. audacious D. versatile（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.13.Living in poverty, John sold for 500 dollars the _ of his mothers first work which made her famous.A.
7、 document B. file C. duplicate D. manuscript（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.14.My grandmother has been ill for two months, so her health has _.A. deteriorated B. diminished C. dwindled D. lessened（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.15.He didnt notice me in the erowd; but he spotted my sister who was _ because of her red hair.A. cons
8、cious B. conspicuous C. dim D. conscientious（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.16.The company used so much coal that it has a train to _ the delivery process.A. transmit B. transport C. facilitate D. diminish（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.17.Asian economic crisis has only a _ effect on the lives of Chinese people.A. discrete B. ma
9、ssive C. marginal D. subordinate（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.18.The continuous unrest was _ the nations economy.A. exaggerating B. aggravating C. amending D. fastening（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.19.Should the death penalty be _?A. abolished B. abandoned C. eliminated D. omitted（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.20.As ordinary people, scien
10、tists are by no means more honest or _ than other people, but as scientists, they attach special value to honesty while they are in their working sphere.A. ethical B. ethnic C. aesthetic D. esthetic（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.三、Section Reading Co(总题数：4，分数：20.00)Over the past century, all kinds of unfairness an
11、d discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. But one insidious form continues to thrive: alphabetize. This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.It has long been known tha
12、t a taxi firm called AAAA cars has a big advantage over Zodiac cars when customers thumb through their phone directories. Less well known is the advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman. English names are fairly evenly spread between the halves of the alphabet. Yet a suspiciously large
13、 number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between A and K.Thus the American president and vice-president have surnames starting with B and C respectively; and 26 of George Bushs predecessors (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the
14、 second half. Even more striking, six of the seven heads of government of the G7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (Ber-lusconi, Blair, Bush, Chirac, Chretien and Koizumi). The worlds three top central bankers (Greenspan, Duisenberg and Hayami) are all close to the top of the alphabet, ev
15、en if one of them really uses Japanese characters. As are the worlds five richest men (Gates, Buffet, Allen, Ellison and Albrecht).Can this merely be coincidence? One theory, dreamt up in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot sets in early. At the start of t
16、he first year in infant school, teachers seat pupils alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. So short-sighted Zysman junior gets stuck in the back row, and is rarely asked the improving questions posed by those insensitive teachers. At the time the alphabetically di
17、sadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. Yet the result may be worse qualifications, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.The humiliation continues. At university graduation ceremonies, the ABCs proudly get their awards first; by the
18、time they reach the Zysmans most people are literally having a ZZZ. Shortlists for job interviews, election ballot papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up alphabetically, and their recipients lose interest as they plough through them.（分数：5.00）(1).What does the aut
19、hor intend to illustrate with AAAA cars and Zodiac cars?A. A kind of overlooked inequality. B. A type of conspicuous bias.C. A type of personal prejudice. D. A kind of brand discrimination.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).What can we infer from the first three paragraphs?A. In both East and West, names are esse
20、ntial to success.B. The alphabet is to blame for the failure of Zoe Zysman.C. Customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.D. Some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The 4th paragraph suggests that _.A. questions are often put to the more intelligent
21、studentsB. alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from classC. teachers should pay attention to all of their studentsD. students should be seated according to their eyesight（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).What does the author mean by “most people are literally having a ZZZ“ (Lines 23, Para. 5)?A. T
22、hey are getting impatient. B. They are noisily dozing off.C. They are feeling humiliated. D. They are busy with word puzzles.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).Which of the following is true according to the text?A. People with surnames beginning with N to Z are often ill-treated.B. VIPs in the Western world gain
23、 a great deal from alphabetism.C. The campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.D. Putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.When it comes to the slowing economy, Ellen Spero isnt biting her nails just yet. But the 47-year-old manicurist isnt cu
24、tting, filling or polishing as many nails as shed like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $ 50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “Im a good economic indicator,“ she says. “I provide a service that people can do wi
25、thout when theyre concerned about saving some dollars. “ So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle-brow Dillards department store near her suburban Cleveland home, instead of Neiman Marcus. “I dont know if other clients are going to abandon me, too,“ she says.Even before Alan Greenspans admission
26、that Americas red-hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thank
27、sgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is coming at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last years pace. But dont sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economys longter
28、m prospects, even as they do some modest belt-tight-ending.Consumers say theyre not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “theres a new gold rush happening in the $ 4 million to $10
29、 million range, predominantly fed by Wall Street bonuses,“ says broker Barbara Corcoran. In San Francisco, prices are still rising even as frenzied overbidding quiets. “Instead of 20 to 30 offers, now maybe you only get two or three,“ says John Tealdi, a Bay Area real-estate broker. And most folks s
30、till feel pretty comfortable about their ability to find and keep a job.Many folks see silver linings to this slowdown. Potential home buyers would cheer for lower interest rates. Employers wouldnt mind a little fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock-ma
31、rket swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattans hot new Alain Ducasse restaurant used to be impossible. Not anymore. For that, Greenspan its future in Europe will be as a broker, banker, and distribut
32、or of goods. You send your goods by container ship to Copenhagen, and these bright, young, English-speaking, utterly honest, highly disciplined people will get your goods around to Scandinavia, the Baltic States, and Russia. Airports, seaports, highways, and rail lines are ultramodern and well-maint
33、ained.The orderliness of the society doesnt mean that Danish lives are less messy or lonely than yours or mine, and no Dane would tell you so. You can hear plenty about bitter family feuds and the sorrows of alcoholism and about perfectly sensible people who went off one day and killed themselves. A
34、n orderly society cannot exempt its members from the hazards of life.But there is a sense of entitlement and security that Danes grow up with. Certain things are yours by virtue of citizenship, and you shouldnt feel bad for taking what youre entitled to, youre as good as anyone else. The rules of th
35、e welfare system are clear to everyone, the benefits you get if you lose your job, the steps you take to get a new one; and the orderliness of the system makes it possible for the country to weather high unemployment and social unrest without a sense of crisis.（分数：5.00）(1).The author thinks that Dan
36、es adopt a _ attitude towards their country.A. boastful B. modest C. deprecating D. mysterious（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Which of the following is NOT a Danish characteristic cited in the passage?A. Fondness of foreign culture. B. Equality in society.C. Linguistic tolerance. D. Persistent planning.（分数：1.0
37、0）A.B.C.D.(3).The authors reaction to the statement by the Ministry of Business and Industry is _.A. disapproving B. approving C. noncommittal D. doubtful（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(4).According to the passage, Danish orderliness _.A. sets the people apart from Germans and SwedesB. spares Danes social trouble
38、s besetting other peoplesC. is considered economically essential to the countryD. prevents Danes from acknowledging existing troubles（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(5).At the end of the passage the author states all the following EXCEPT that _.A. Danes are clearly informed of their social benefitsB. Danes take fo
39、r granted what is given to themC. the open system helps to tide the country overD. orderliness has alleviated unemployment（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.Richard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtu
40、al“ or simulated environment for surgeons and others medical practitioners (从业者).“With virtual reality well be able to put a surgeon in every trench,“ said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers.The compute
41、rs would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U. S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality helmets (头盔) that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that o
42、perate on the soldier.Although Satavas vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virtual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image o
43、f the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform the surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound.These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital s
44、etting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surgeon Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the c
45、omputer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor (肿瘤). Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe to surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a
46、 computer graphics image of the patients brain taken before surgery.During these procedures-operations that are done through small cuts in the body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuvered-surgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons
47、 to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can.Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medicine. /（分数：5.00）(1).According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _.A. will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battle
48、fieldB. can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC. will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD. can shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(2).Richard Satava has visions of _.A. using a remote-control technique to tr
49、eat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB. wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC. wounded soldiers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD. setting up mobile surgical units overseas（分数：1.00）A.B.C.D.(3).How is virtual reality surgery performed?A. It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B. Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feed
