1、考研数学二-行列式、矩阵(一)及答案解析(总分：80.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In order to understand, however imperfectly, what is meant by “face“, we must take (1) of the fact that, as a race, the Chinese have a strongly (2) instinct. The theatre may almost be said to be the only national amusement,
2、 and the Chinese have for theatricals a (3) like that of the Englishman (4) athletics, or the Spaniard for bull-fights. Upon very slight provocation, any Chinese regards himself in the (5) of an actor in a drama. He throws himself into theatrical attitudes, performs the salaam, falls upon his knees,
3、 prostrates himself and strikes his head upon the earth, (6) circumstances which to an Occidental seem to make such actions superfluous, (7) to say ridiculous. A Chinese thinks in theatrical terms. When roused in self-defense he addresses two or three persons as if they were a multitude. He exclaims
4、: “I say this in the presence of You, and You, and You, who are all here present. “ If his troubles are adjusted he (8) of himself as having “got off the stage“ with credit, and if they are not adjusted he finds no way to “retire from the stage“. All this, (9) it clearly understood, has nothing to d
5、o with realities. The question is never of facts, but always of (10) . If a fine speech has been (11) at the proper time and in the proper way, the requirement of the play is met. We are not to go behind the scenes, for that would (12) all the plays in the world. Properly to execute acts like these
6、in all the complex relations of life, is to have “face“. To fail them, to ignore them, to be thwarted in the performance of them, this is to “ (13) face“. Once rightly apprehended, “face“ will be found to be in itself a (14) to the combination lock of many of the most important characteristics of th
7、e Chinese. It should be added that the principles which regulate “face“ and its attainment are often wholly (15) the intellectual apprehension of the Occidental, who is constantly forgetting the theatrical element, and wandering (16) into the irrelevant regions of fact. To him it often seems that Ch
8、inese “face“ is not unlike the South Sea Island taboo, a force of undeniable potency, but capricious, and not reducible to rule, deserving only to be abolished and replaced by common sense. At this point Chinese and Occidentals must agree to (17) , for they can never be brought to view the same thin
9、gs in the same light. In the adjustment of the incessant quarrels which distract every hamlet, it is necessary for the “peace-talkers“ to take a careful account of the (18) of “face“ as European statesmen once did of the balance of power. The object in such cases is not the execution of even-handed
10、justice, which, even if theoretically desirable, seldom (19) to an Oriental as a possibility, but such an arrangement as will distribute to all concerned “face“ in due proportions. The same principle often applies in the settlement of lawsuits, a very large percentage of which end in what may be cal
11、led a (20) game. （分数：10.00）(1).A account B hold C shape D care（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A ego-centric B dramatic C thrifty D diligent（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A passion B hatred C nonchalance D perception（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A on B at C for D over（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A presence B performance C lines D light（分
12、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A with B under C out of D for（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A not B or C much D even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A speaks B argues C communicates D jokes（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A be B is C was D were（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A mistakes B stories C form D structure（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A listened to B deli
13、vered C called D watched（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A enhance B misunderstand C spoil D retell（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A gain B win C compete D lose（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A key B quest C reflection D silhouette（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A within B following C beyond D included（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A up B off C dow
14、n D out（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A disagree B compromise C settle D surrender（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A significance B meaning C essence D balance（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A happens B means C relates D occurs（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A fair B good C drawn D love（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三
15、、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Aimee Hunter, a research psychologist at the University of California, Los Angeles, has long studied individual responses to antidepressants. Being skeptical of the true effectiveness of the drugs, she says she was originally interested in researching th
16、e impact of placebos. But over the years, her own data began convincing her otherwise. “Ive come to see now, by doing the research myself and spending hours looking at numbers, that the medication is absolutely doing something,“ Hunter says.In an earlier study that Hunter published in 2009, she and
17、her team used the same QEEG technique on 58 patients, who were given a placebo daily for one week before being randomized to take either placebo or an active drug. Researchers found distinct patterns of brain activity in the patients; not everyone responded to the placebo the same way. “We found tha
18、t changes in brain function occurring during the first week of placebo predicted who will do well on medication,“ she says.The region where changes were recordedin the prefrontal lobeis thought to be involved in generating expectations. A common explanation for the placebo effect is that the mere an
19、ticipation of improvement begets real benefit. But in the case of Hunters patients, the changes in brain activity predicted actual response to the antidepressant , not to placebo.Intriguingly, in patients who showed the specific brain response associated with antidepressant-related recovery, the mos
20、t significant improvement was seen in what psychologists call interpersonal sensitivity how people respond to either positive or negative social events. When suffering from depression, patients tend to become inured to positive social cues and oversensitized to negative ones. They may interpret a pa
21、sserbys frown as being directed at them, for instance, and some research has found that depressed people are more likely to misidentify smiling faces as conveying neutral or negative emotions. The patients who improved with medication in Hunters study “were less sensitive to rejection and more comfo
22、rtable with others,“ she says.Reducing emotional sensitivitynot treating depression per seis what medications like Prozac, which affect the levels of serotonin in the brain, do best, according to Healy. If that entire class of drugs had been studied and marketed as pills to reduce emotional reactivi
23、ty rather than depression, he says, “the placebo response would be very small compared to the drug. “Still, treating a patients oversensitivity does not necessarily help depression. For some people whose illness is marked by social dread and misperceived rejections, reducing that anxiety could be cr
24、itical. But for someone whose depression is primarily experienced as deep sadness and inability to feel pleasure, blunting emotional sensitivity may do little good. These differences further explain why the drugs may produce such varied individual responses.Evidence suggests that about 80% of people
25、 with depression can be helped by drugs, talk therapy or a combination of the two, so although it is critical to figure out which treatments work for which patients, the larger question remains: Why arent most patients getting good care, and why do we continue to insist that so many of those taking
26、antidepressants dont really need them?（分数：10.00）(1).At the beginning of her research, HunterA could not distinguish antidepressants from placebos.B found medication was of no use to depressed patients.C did not believe antidepressants could really help patients.D did not use the right medical instru
27、ment to do her experiment.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).It is generally believed that placebos can work on some patients becauseA the patients believe in the effects of these placebos.B the placebos have generated real effects on the patients.C the patients are never told anything about the placebos.D the pl
28、acebos are milder medications than antidepressants.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The most important finding Hunter has made is thatA antidepressants never work on any patients with depression.B antidepressants lower the patients interpersonal sensitivity.C depressed people tend to look at the negative side o
29、f a situation.D depressed people never get along well with other people.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Reducing emotional sensitivityA is what a placebo can do for patients.B cannot help depressed patients at all.C works better with some patients than with others.D is the only thing an antidepressant can do.（
30、分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).It is implied in the last paragraphA talk therapy is the most effective treatment for depressed people.B it is easy to figure out which patient should receive which treatment.C a combination of talk therapy and drugs works best on depressed patients.D antidepressants should not b
31、e treated simply as another kind of placebos.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Under pressure from animal welfare groups, two national science teachers associations have adopted guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals. The National Association of Biology Teachers and the Nat
32、ional Science Teachers Association hope to end animal abuse in elementary and secondary schools and, in turn, discourage students from mishandling animals in home experiments and science fair projects.Animal welfare groups are apparently most concerned with high school students experimenting with an
33、imals in extracurricular projects. Barbara Orlans, President of the Scientists Center for Animal Welfare, said that students have been performing surgery at random, testing known poisonous substances, and running other pathology experiments on animals without even knowing normal physiology.At one sc
34、ience fair, a student cut off the leg and tail of a lizard to demonstrate that only the tail can regenerate, she said. In another case, a student bound sparrows, starved them and observed their behavior.“The amount of abuse has been quite horrifying,“ Orlans said.Administrators of major science fair
35、s are short-tempered over the teachers policy change and the impression it has created. “The teachers were sold a bill of goods by Barbara Ortans,“ said Thurman Grafton, who heads the rules committee for the International Science and Engineering Fair. “Backyard tabletop surgery is just nonsense. The
36、 new policies throw cold water on students inquisitiveness,“ he said.Grafton said he wouldnt deny that there hasnt been animal abuse among projects at the international fair, but he added that judges reject contestants who have unnecessarily injured animals. The judges have a hard time monitoring lo
37、cal and regional fairs that may or may not choose to comply with the international fairs rules that stress proper care of animals, Grafton said.He said that several years ago, the Westinghouse Science Talent Search banned harmful experiments to animals when sponsors threatened to cancel their suppor
38、t after animal welfare groups lobbied for change.The teachers adopted the new policies also to fend off proposed legislation-in states including Missouri and New York-that would restrict or prohibit experiments on animals.Officials of the two teachers organizations say that they dont know how many a
39、nimals have been abused in the classroom. On the one hand, many biology teachers are not trained in the proper care of animals, said Wayne Moyer, executive director of the biology teachers association. On the other, the use of animals in experiments has dropped in recent years because of school budg
40、et cuts. The association may set up seminars to teach better animal care to its members. (414 words)Notes: pathology 病理学。lizard 蜥蜴。tabletop 桌面。short-tempered 脾气急躁的。lobby for 游说支持。fend off 躲开。（分数：10.00）(1).The title which best expresses the content of the text isA Science Teachers to Ban Testing Harm
41、ful to Animals.B Teachers Policy Change in Experiment on Animals.C The New Policies of Banning Harmful Experiments to Animals.D The Importance of Prohibiting Harmful Experiments on Animals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the text, animal welfare groups have succeeded inA stopping all animal abuse
42、in schools.B establishing guidelines that ban classroom experiments harming animals.C protecting animals from being experimented with in extracurricular projects.D persuading two national science teachers associations to adopt an animal protection policy.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).Thurman Grafton suggests
43、 thatA animal abuse is horrible and should be terminated.B the teachers have been compelled to do all animal experiments.C prohibition of experiments on animals will discourage students from being curious.D the international science and Engineering Fair will cease to operate because of the new polic
44、ies.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).It can be learned from the text that the teachers ban harmful experiments to animals in order toA maintain ecological balance.B please animal welfare groups.C get financial support from their sponsors.D protect necessary harmless experiments on animals.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(5).I
45、t is suggested toward the end of the text thatA the seriousness of animal abuse in the classroom is unknown.B training teachers in animal care may contribute to reducing animal abuse.C fewer animals have been used in experiments in recent years.D many biology teachers are not trained in proper care
46、of animal.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Surprisingly enough, modern historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “ Southern“the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cult
47、ural history of Britains North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New E
48、ngland Puritan culture.However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests_ upon two related premises: first, that the
49、 cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major recitations, the second is far mor
