1、考研英语(一)-12 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)It is often observed that the aged spend much time thinking and talking about their past lives, rather than about the future. These reminiscences are not simply random or trivial memories, (1) is their purpose merely to make c
2、onversation. The old persons recollections of the past help to (2) an identity that is becoming increasingly fragile. (3) any role that brings respect or any goal that might provide (4) to the future, the individual mentions their (5) as a reminder to listeners, that here was a life (6) living. (7)
3、, the memories form part of a continuing life (8) , in which the old person (9) the events and experiences of the years gone by and (10) on the overall meaning of his or her own almost completed life.As the life cycle (11) to its close, the aged must also learn to accept the reality of their own imp
4、ending death. (12) this task is made difficult by the fact that death is almost a (13) subject in the United States. The mere discussion of death is often regarded as (14) As adults, many of us find the topic frightening and are (15) to think about it and certainly not to talk about it (16) the pres
5、ence of someone who is dying. Death has achieved this taboo (17) only in the modern industrial societies. There seems to be an important reason for our reluctance to (18) the idea of death. It is the very fact that death remains (19) our control; it is almost the only one of the natural processes (2
6、0) is so.（分数：10.00）A.soB.evenC.norD.hardlyA.preserveB.conserveC.resumeD.assumeA.performingB.playingC.undertakingD.lackingA.orientationB.implicationC.successionD.presentationA.presentB.pastC.experienceD.fateA.worthyB.worthC.worthlessD.worthwhileA.In a wordB.In briefC.In additionD.In particularA.prosp
7、ectB.impetusC.impressionD.reviewA.integratesB.incorporatesC.includesD.interactsA.reckonsB.countsC.reflectsD.conceiveA.keepsB.drawsC.inclinesD.tendsA.ThereforeB.AndC.YetD.OtherwiseA.tabooB.disputeC.contemptD.neglectA.notoriousB.indecentC.obscureD.desperateA.readyB.willingC.liableD.reluctantA.atB.onC.
8、withD.inA.statusB.circumstanceC.environmentD.priorityA.encounterB.confrontC.tolerateD.exposeA.underB.aboveC.beyondD.withinA.whichB.whatC.asD.that二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The standardized educational or psychological tests, that are widely used
9、 to aid in selecting, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-inf
10、ormed or incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user.All i
11、nformed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance. How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpr
12、eted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always incomplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person
13、 has learned, the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the
14、 empirical evidence concerning comparative validity, and upon such factors as cost and availability.In general, the tests work most effectively when the traits or qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined (for example, ability to do well in a particular course of training program) and l
15、east effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined (for example, personality or creativity). Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously reco
16、gnized, but there are many things they do not do. For example, they dont compensate for gross social inequality, and thus dont tell how able an underprivileged younger might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the essence of this text?（分数：2.00）A.Attacki
17、ng standardized tests.B.Dont blame the test-blame the user.C.Standardized tests and their wide applications.D.The standardized test -a useful means of assessment.(2).The selection implies that, more often, the value of an educational test rests with（分数：2.00）A.the interpretation of test results.B.the
18、 analysis of the students tested.C.the skill and wisdom of the test itself.D.the accuracy of the information provided.(3).The third paragraph is written mainly to state（分数：2.00）A.the functions of educational tests.B.the dimensions of standardized tests.C.the bases for using standardized tests.D.the
19、mixed results of standardized tests.(4).According to the text, which of the following statements is not true?（分数：2.00）A.Predictions do not always hold true.B.Some students “shine“ unexpectedly.C.The supervisor of the test must be well trained.D.Personality tests often fall short of their purpose.(5)
20、.According to the text, the authors attitude toward the value of standardized tests seems to be（分数：2.00）A.critical.B.dubious.C.objective.D.ambiguous.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It is nothing for a big, strong schoolboy to
21、elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the last remaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact, it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always a Continental man or one from the older genera
22、tion.This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, who say that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesy, and that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Women have neve
23、r claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that young men should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to the old, the sick and the burdened.Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surel
24、y no excuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behavior of these stout young men in a packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prisoner-camp during the war. Would they have considered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then?Older people, tir
25、ed and irritable from a days work, are not angels, either-far from it. Many a brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each other to get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just a little more excuse.If cities
26、are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems urgent, not only that communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication between human beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tired and too rushed to be polite.
27、 Shop assistants wont bother to assist, taxi drivers shout at each other as they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductors pull the bell before their desperate passengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is up to the young and strong to do thei
28、r small part to stop such deterioration.（分数：10.00）(1).From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among people who（分数：2.00）A.are physically strong.B.live in big modern cities.C.are from the older generation.D.live only in metropolitan cities.(2).What is the writers opinion concernin
29、g courteous manners toward women?（分数：2.00）A.Men should give up their seats to young women.B.Women neednt be treated differently from men.C.“Lady First“ should be universally practiced.D.Special consideration ought to be shown to them.(3).According to the author, communication between human beings wo
30、uld be smoother if（分数：2.00）A.public transport could be improved.B.people were not so tired and irritable.C.women were treated with more courtesy.D.people were considerate toward each other.(4).What is the possible meaning of the word “deterioration“ in the last paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.Spreading of evil
31、 conduct.B.Lowering of moral standards.C.Worsening of general situation.D.Declining of physical constitution.(5).In the authors view, the best remedy for coping with the hard conditions in travel in cities would be to（分数：2.00）A.attach significance to the moral education of young people.B.improve the
32、 means of transportation and the public morality.C.treat people, be they young and old, with courtesy and sympathy.D.demand that everyone avoid brisk arguments and insulting quarrels.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or scien
33、ces dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge).Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place,
34、 all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose of understanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand that is intrinsic and con-substantial to man. What distinguishes man from animals is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and t
35、hat the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldnt be man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and per
36、mit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, man must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of impo
37、rtant result whose revolutionary scope is for the most part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic section zealously and without the least suspicion that it might
38、someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because o mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without w
39、hich we can scarcely conceive o contemporary life.Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical results that would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterested
40、ly.（分数：10.00）(1).The author does not include among the sciences the study of（分数：2.00）A.literature.B.chemistry.C.astronomy.D.anthropology.(2).In the authors view, the Greeks who studied conic sections（分数：2.00）A.were mathematicians.B.worked with electricity.C.were interested in navigation.D.were unawa
41、re of the value of their studies.(3).According to the text, the most important advances made by mankind most probably stem from（分数：2.00）A.innovations.B.the natural sciences.C.technical applications.D.apparently useless information.(4).The author mentions electrical technology in paragraph 3 most pro
42、bably to（分数：2.00）A.confirm its importance in the modern world.B.show the powerful influence of its inventions.C.verify the usefulness of theoretical knowledge.D.give an example of success in practical science.(5).The title which best expresses the idea of this text is（分数：2.00）A.Progress in Pure Scie
43、nce.B.Learning for Its Own Sake.C.Mans Science and Inventions.D.Difference between Science and Technology.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite their many differences of temperament and of literary perspective, Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman share certain beliefs. Common to all these w
44、riters is their humanistic perspective. Its basic premises are that humans are the spiritual center of the universe and that in them alone is the clue to nature, history, and ultimately the cosmos itself. Without completely denying the existence either of a deity (the God) or of irrational matter, t
45、his perspective nevertheless rejects them as exclusive principles of interpretation and prefers to explain humans and the world in terms of humanity itself. This preference is expressed most clearly in the transcendentalist principle that the structure of the universe literally duplicates the struct
46、ure of the individual self; therefore, all knowledge begins with self-knowledge.This common perspective is almost always universalized. Its emphasis is not upon the individual as a particular European or American, but upon the human as universal, freed from the accidents of time, space, birth, and t
47、alent. Thus, for Emerson, the “American Scholar“ turns out to be simply “Man Thinking“; while, for Whitman, the “Song of Myself“ merges imperceptibly into a song of all the “ children of Adam“, where “ every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. “Also common to all five writers is the belief
48、that individual virtue and happiness depend upon self-realization, which, in turn, depends upon the harmonious reconciliation of two universal psychological tendencies: first, the self-asserting impulse of the individual to withdraw, to remain unique and separate, and to be responsible only to himse
49、lf or herself and second, the self-transcending impulse of the individual to embrace the whole world in the experience of a single moment and to know and become one with that world. These conflicting impulses can be seen in the democratic ethic. Democracy advocates individualism, the preservation of the individuals freedom and self-expression. But the democratic self is torn between the duty to self, which is implied by the concept of liberty, and the duty to society, which is implied by the concepts of equality and fraternity.A third assumption common to the five writers i
