1、考研英语(一)-24 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)“THE SERVANT“(1963) is one of those films that it is impossible to forget. The servant exploits his master“s weaknesses until he turns the tables: the story ends with the a cringing master ministering
2、to a lordly servant. It is hard to watch it today without thinking of another awkward relationshipthe one between business folk and their smartphones. Smart devices are sometimes empowering. They put a world of information at our fingertips. But for most people the servant has become the master. Not
3、 long ago only doctors were on call all the time. Now everybody is. Bosses think nothing of invading their employees“ free time. Work invades the home far more than domestic chores invade the office. Hyper connectivity exaggerates the decline of certainty and the general cult of flexibility. Smartph
4、ones make it easier for managers to change their minds at the last moment. Employees find it ever harder to distinguish between “on-time“ and “off-time“and indeed between real work and make-work. None of this is good for business people“s marriages or mental health. It may be bad for business, too.
5、When bosses change their minds at the last minute, it is hard to plan for the future. How can we reap the benefits of connectivity without becoming its slaves? One solution is digital dieting. Banning browsing before breakfast can reintroduce a small amount of civilization. Banning texting at weeken
6、ds or, say, on Thursdays, can really show the iPhone who is boss. The problem with this approach is that it works only if you live on a desert island or at the bottom of a lake. Leslie Perlow of Harvard Business School argues that for most people the only way to break the 24/7 habit is to act collec
7、tively rather than individually. One of the world“s most hard-working organisations, the Boston Consulting Group, introduced rules about when people were expected to be offline, and encouraged them to work together to make this possible. Eventually it forced people to work more productively while re
8、ducing burnout. Ms Perlow“s advice should be taken seriously. The problem of hyper connectivity will only get worse, as smartphones become smarter and young digital natives take over the workforce. But ultimately it is up to companies to outsmart the smartphones by insisting that everyone turn them
9、off from time to time.（分数：20.00）(1).The author mentions the film in the first paragraph in order to（分数：4.00）A.introduce the film to people.B.introduce the topic.C.review it because it is unforgettable.D.remind people of another similar relationship.(2).Smart devices have become the master mainly bec
10、ause（分数：4.00）A.everybody is on call all the time.B.bosses invade their employees“ free time.C.managers easily change their minds at the last moment.D.employees find it harder to distinguish between real work and make-work.(3).Digital dieting refers to all of the following EXCEPT（分数：4.00）A.banning br
11、owsing before breakfast.B.banning browsing after dinner.C.banning texting at weekends.D.banning texting at weekdays.(4).The example of Boston Consulting Group is used to illustrate that（分数：4.00）A.its employees work hard.B.to break the 24/7 habit needs to act collectively.C.people work more productiv
12、ely if their burnout is reduced.D.making a rule helps employees work productively.(5).Judging from the text, the problem of hyper connectivity can be solved by（分数：4.00）A.digital dieting.B.banning using smartphones.C.living alone.D.making it a rule to turn off smartphones sometimes.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：
13、20.00)Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls“ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fus
14、es girls“ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls“ lives and interests. Girls“ attraction to pink may seem unavoida
15、ble, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century, in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of g
16、etting clothes clean was to boil them. What“s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intim
17、ations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children“s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what
18、 defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years. I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts de
19、veloped after years of research into children“s behavior: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s. Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales
20、, they should create a “third stepping stone“ between infant wear and older kids“ clothes. It was only after “toddler“ became a common shoppers“ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boos
21、t profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differencesor invent them where they did not previously exist.（分数：20.00）(1).By saying “it is.the rainbow“ (Para. 1), the author means pink（分数：4.00）A.should not be the sole representation of girlhood.B.should not be assoc
22、iated with girls“ innocence.C.cannot explain girls“ lack of imagination.D.cannot influence girls“ lives and interests.(2).According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?（分数：4.00）A.Colours are encoded in girls“ DNA.B.Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.C.Pink used to
23、 be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.D.White is preferred by babies.(3).The author suggests that our perception of children“s psychological development was much influenced by（分数：4.00）A.the marketing of products for children.B.the observation of children“s nature.C.researches into children“s b
24、ehaviour.D.studies of childhood consumption.(4).We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to（分数：4.00）A.focus on infant wear and older kids“ clothes.B.attach equal importance to different genders.C.classify consumers into smaller groups.D.create some common shoppers“ terms.(5)
25、.It can be concluded that girls“ attraction to pink seems to be（分数：4.00）A.clearly explained by their inborn tendency.B.fully understood by clothing manufacturers.C.mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen.D.well interpreted by psychological experts.五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Europe is not a gender-e
26、quality heaven. In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions, and Europe“s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male. Indeed, women hold only 14 percent of positions on European corporate board
27、s. The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of womenup to 60 percent. This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corpora
28、tions to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up. Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate ladder fairly as they balance work and family? “Personally, I don“t like q
29、uotas,“ Reding said recently. “But I like what the quotas do.“ Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,“ according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions. I u
30、nderstand Reding“s reluctanceand her frustration. I don“t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, governance by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered. After all,
31、four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as well as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top positionsno matter how much “soft pressure“ is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate poweras, for example, Sheryl San
32、dberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule. If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all womenwhether CEOs or their children“s care-giversand all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly
33、capable person living in a more just society.（分数：20.00）(1).In the European corporate workplace, generally（分数：4.00）A.women take the lead.B.men have the final say.C.corporate governance is overwhelmed.D.senior management is family-friendly.(2).The European Union“s intended legislation is（分数：4.00）A.a r
34、eflection of gender balance.B.a reluctant choice.C.a response to Reding“s call.D.a voluntary action.(3).According to Reding, quotas may help women（分数：4.00）A.get top business positions.B.see through the glass ceiling.C.balance work and family.D.anticipate legal results.(4).The author“s attitude towar
35、d Reding“s appeal is one of（分数：4.00）A.skepticism.B.objectiveness.C.indifference.D.approval.(5).Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of（分数：4.00）A.more social justice.B.massive media attention.C.suitable public policies.D.greater “soft pressure“.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)In 201
36、0, a federal judge shook America“s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decadesby 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organizat
37、ion (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step“ in a longer battle. On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Muriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a
38、woman“s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Mytiad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike. But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics mak
39、e three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents“ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad“s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urg
40、ed reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature.than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.“ Despite the appeals court“s decision, big q
41、uestions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court. As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file
42、 many more patents for human DNA moleculesmost are already patented or in the public do-main. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug“s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the
43、 dots,“ explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO. Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyer on the shifting landscape for
44、 patents. Each meeting was packed .（分数：20.00）(1).It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like（分数：4.00）A.their executives to be active.B.judges to rule out gene patenting.C.genes to be patentable.D.the BIO to issue a warning.(2).Those who are against gene patents believe t
45、hat（分数：4.00）A.genetic tests are not reliable.B.only man-made products are patentable.C.patents on genes depend much on innovation.D.courts should restrict access to genetic tests.(3).According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for（分数：4.00）A.establishing disease correlations.B.discove
46、ring gene interactions.C.drawing pictures of genes.D.identifying human DNA.(4).By saying “Each meeting was packed“ (Para. 6), the author means that（分数：4.00）A.the supreme court was authoritative.B.the BIO was a powerful organization.C.gene patenting was a great concern.D.lawyers were keen to attend c
47、onventions.(5).Generally speaking, the author“s attitude toward gene patenting is（分数：4.00）A.critical.B.supportive.C.scornful.D.objective.七、Text 5(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who
48、 meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin
49、; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them. But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education,
