1、考研英语(一)-55 及答案解析(总分：70.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the United States, the first day-nursery was opened in 1854. Nurseries were established in various areas during the 1 half of the 19th century; most of 2 were charitable. Both in Europe and in the U. S. , the day nursery mov
2、ement received great 3 during the First World War, when 4 of manpower caused the industrial employment unprecedented numbers of women. In some European countries nurseries were established 5 in munitions plants, under direct government sponsorship. 6 the number of nurseries in the U. S. also rose 7
3、, this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind. During the years following the First World War, 8 , Federal, State, and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control 9 the day-nurseries, chiefly by 10 them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within t
4、he nurseries. The 11 of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day-nurseries in almost all countries, as women were 12 called upon to replace men in the factories. On this 13 the U.S. government immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, 14 $ 6,000,000
5、 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers. Many States and local communities 15 this Federal aid. By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 100,000 children were being cared 16 in day-care centers receiving Federal 17 . Soon afterward, the Federal gover
6、nment 18 cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later 19 them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation. However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their 20 at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.（分数：10.00）A.latterB.lateC.otherD.firstA.
7、thoseB.themC.whoseD.whomA.impetusB.inputC.imitationD.initiativeA.sourcesB.abundanceC.shortageD.reductionA.hardlyB.entirelyC.onlyD.evenA.BecauseB.AsC.SinceD.AlthoughA.unanimouslyB.sharplyC.predominantlyD.militantlyA.thereforeB.consequentlyC.howeverD.moreoverA.overB.inC.atD.aboutA.formulatingB.labelin
8、gC.patentingD.licensingA.outsetB.outbreakC.breakthroughD.breakdownA.againB.thusC.repeatedlyD.yet(13).A. circumstanceB. occasion C. case D. situation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.A.regulatingB.summoningC.allocatingD.transferringA.expandedB.facilitatedC.supplementedD.compensatedA.byB.afterC.ofD.forA.pensionsB.subs
9、idiesC.revenuesD.budgetsA.prevalentlyB.furiouslyC.statisticallyD.drasticallyA.abolishedB.diminishedC.jeopardizedD.precludedA.nurseriesB.homesC.jobsD.children二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Nobody ever went into academia to make a fast buck. Professor
10、s, especially those in medical-and technology-related fields, typically earn a fraction of what their colleagues in industry do. But suddenly, big money is starting to flow into the ivory tower, as university administrators wake up to the commercial potential of academic research. And the institutio
11、ns are wrestling with a whole new set of issues. The profits are impressive: the Association of University Technology Managers surveyed 132 universities and found that they earned a combined $ 576 million from patent royalties in 1998, a number that promises to keep rising dramatically. Schools like
12、 Columbia University in New York have aggressively marketed their inventions to corporations, particularly pharmaceutical and high-tech companies. Now Columbia is going retail on the Web. It plans to go beyond the typical “dot. edu“ model, free sites listing courses and professors“ research interest
13、s. Instead, it will offer the expertise of its faculty on a new for-profit site which will be spun off as an independent company. The site will provide free access to educational and research content, say administrators, as well as advanced features that are already available to Columbia students, s
14、uch as a simulation of the construction and architecture of a French cathedral and interactive 3-D models of organic chemicals. Free pages will feel into profit-generating areas, such as online courses and seminars, and related books and tapes. Columbia executive vice provost Michael Crow imagines “
15、millions of visitors“ to the new site, including retirees and students willing to pay to tap into this educational resource. “We can offer the best of what“s thought and written and researched,“ says Ann Kirschner, who heads the project. Columbia also is anxious not be aced out by some of the other
16、for-profit “knowledge sites,“ such as About. com and Hungry Minds. “ If they capture this space,“ says Crow, “they“ll begin to cherry-pick our best faculty. “ Profits from the sale of patents typically have been divided between the researcher, the department and the university, and Web profits would
17、 work the same way, so many faculty members are delighted. But others find the trend worrisome: is a professor who stands to profit from his or her research as credible as one who doesn“t? Will universities provide more support to researchers working in profitable fields than to scholars toiling in
18、more musty areas? “If there“s the perception that we might be making money from our efforts, the authority of the university could be diminished,“ worries Herve Varenne, a cultural anthropology professor at Columbia“s education school. Says Kirschner: “We would never compromise the integrity of the
19、university. “Whether the new site can add to the growing profits from patents remains to be seen, but one thing is clear. It“s going to take the best minds on campus to find a new balance between profit and purity.（分数：10.00）(1).In the past, if you want to make fast money, you should work in_.（分数：2.0
20、0）A.academiaB.ivory towerC.companyD.medical field(2).The word “aggressively“ ( Line 4, Paragraph 2 ) most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.harmfullyB.carelesslyC.desperatelyD.boldly(3).According to the text, the traditional feature of the Web of Columbia is_.（分数：2.00）A.offering free access to the advanced
21、 features that are available to Columbia“s studentsB.free page will feed into profit-producing pageC.providing the expertise of the teachers on the profit siteD.offering free sites listing courses and professors“ research interests(4).Besides the delight of most people for the profit, some_.（分数：2.00
22、）A.worry that the professors are not reliableB.think this tendency may be terribleC.hope the university to give more support to researchers who work for profitD.show mercy to the scholars toiling in the musty area(5).The author uses the words of the professor Herve Varenne and Kirschner to show_.（分数
23、：2.00）A.if the faculties all try to make money the university will have no authorityB.the new site may not add to the growing profitsC.there exist some problems behind the profitD.new balance between profit and purity will be the best opinion五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)That rapscallion who leaps off the
24、 monkey bars, landing smack onto an innocent 3-year-old bystander, and skips off, giggling all the while? According to a new paper out of Israel, he may not feel all that bad about the incident. The study, conducted by Dr. In bal Kivenson Bar-On at the University of Haifa, shows that high levels of
25、fearlessness in 3-and 4-year-olds is strongly associated with aggression and a lack of sympathy. This news will likely surprise risk-loving America, where parents typically beam with pride when their undaunted child mounts the big slide. Fearlessness is a far-end point on the spectrum of what psycho
26、logists call the “approach and withdrawal dimension“people“s tendency to approach new stimuli (to gain information and acquire new skills ) and withdraw from unfamiliar stimuli (to avoid danger). Striking the right balance is considered crucial to man“s survival. But what about preschoolers“? There“
27、s a clear downside, Dr. Kivenson Bar-On discovered, after she observed lots of preschool play and machinations. In total, she documented 80 children at preschool, home and in the lab, measuring their propensity for fearlessness and other social and emotional characteristics at the beginning and end
28、of one year. Fearlessness was measured by observing reactions to various fright-inducing situations: separation from parents, the roar of a vacuum cleaner, a jack-in-the-box and the like. Those who displayed greater levels of fearlessness, the study found, had no trouble recognizing facial expressio
29、ns of anger, surprise, happiness and sadness in other childrenbut they had a hard time identifying fear. Over all, they were “emotionally shallow“ and showed lower levels of sympathy. They took advantage of friends and lacked regret over inappropriate conduct. “These findings,“ the paper explains, “
30、 suggest that fearlessness in preschool constitutes a clear risk factor for developmental pathways that lead to problems in morality, conscience development, and severe antisocial behaviors. “ At the same time, fearless children tended to be highly sociable. “One of the most interesting findings was
31、 that we could discriminate between friendliness and sympathy,“ Dr. Kivenson Bar-On said. “These kids are curious, easygoing and friendly, but they have a hard time recognizing emotional distress in others. “ Jamie Ostrov, a psychology professor at the State University at Buffalo who studies aggress
32、ion, says that children at the extreme end of the fearless spectrurn “may be charming, but they“re also highly manipulative and deceptive and skilled at getting their wayeven at age 3 or 4. “ It could be that fearless children need stronger distress cues to active their autonomic nervous systems, li
33、miting their ability to detect distress cues in others. It seems to be, if I“m not worried about this, you can“t be, either. But should we be?（分数：10.00）(1).The example of the first paragraph is to_.（分数：2.00）A.quote the research that the children of high levels of fearlessness are lack of empathyB.il
34、lustrate the children strongly associated with aggression and a lack of sympathy existC.criticize children in reckless behavior and moral deficiencyD.emphasize the necessity of the research(2).As for the result of the research, American parents may be_?（分数：2.00）A.approvingB.welcomeC.a little unhappy
35、D.indifferent(3).According to the second paragraph, we may know_.（分数：2.00）A.fearless children are easy to liveB.fearless children“s character downsideC.fearless children are not sensitive to fearD.fear children are hard to distinguish different kinds of look(4).According to Dr. Kivenson Bar-On, fear
36、less children_.（分数：2.00）A.have no sympathyB.will have anti-social tendencyC.get well along with othersD.are foxy(5).The fearless children are not easy to perceive others“ sad mood because_.（分数：2.00）A.they“re more aggressive and deceptiveB.they are more lack of sympathyC.they themselves are difficult
37、 to have the sad moodD.they are not good at watching others六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Back in the 1870s, Charles Darwin“s cousin Francis Galeton wanted to define the face of a criminal. He assembled photographs of men convicted of heinous crimes and made a composite by lining them up on a single photog
38、raphic plate. The surprise: everybody liked the villain, including Galton himself. He reasoned that the villainous irregularities he supposed belonged to criminal faces had disappeared in the averaging process. In the next century, scientists began to show reliably that faces combined digitally on c
39、omputers were likablemore so than the individual faces from which they were composed. Although people clearly admire the long legs of Brazilian model Ana Hickmann or Dolly Parton“s breasts, in general humans like averages. Researchers confirmed that humans judge real faces by their differences or si
40、milarities from a norm. But they also found that the norm can change quickly: When researchers showed 164 people sets of 100 computer-generated faces representing a slow transition from male to femaleand from Japanese to Caucasianit turned out that the test subjects“ idea of what constitute an “aver
41、age“ face shifted depending on the first face they saw. When they were flashed a super masculine face first, more faces on the spectrum impressed them, by contrast, as female. The masculine face had, in effect, set a standard. From then on, other faces had to be more masculine in order to rate as be
42、longing to the gender. The study noted a similar shift using a scale of faces moving from surprise to disgust. The authors, who published their results in the journal Nature, conclude that in real life we also quickly change ore“ perception of the midpointwhat“s normaldepending on what we see. We ma
43、y not be aware that our judgment has changed; we simply see differently, says Michael Webster, a psychologist at the University of Nevada in Reno and coauthor of the study. One implication is that individual and social attitudes toward what“s acceptable, and what“s beautiful, change over time. “If y
44、ou look at plastic-surgery trends, in the 1950s and 1960s you saw little upturned noses,“ notes Harvard psychologist Nancy Etcoff, author of the book Survival of the Prettiest : The Science of Beauty. “Now the noses are broader and the lips are plumper. We“re seeing images from around the globe, and
45、 it“s changing our idea of the average. “ So if you“re unhappy with some aspect of your face, take comfort: beauty is a moving target.（分数：10.00）(1).Francis Gahon“s test shows that_.（分数：2.00）A.people prefer average faces to those with conspicuous featuresB.sometimes evil persons have more attractive
46、appearanceC.it is hard to distinguish between criminals and ordinary peopleD.the result of trying to read faces is a shock to average people(2).By mentioning the experiment in the second paragraph, the author implies that_.（分数：2.00）A.our definition of what“s normal varies with genderB.our focus of a
47、ttention varies with gender and ageC.our definition of what“s average changes over timeD.our focus of attention is distracted when interfered(3).If researchers want the subjects to regard more faces as male, they should present_.（分数：2.00）A.a more masculine face firstB.a more feminine face firstC.a l
48、ess masculine face firstD.a less feminine face first(4).The word “perception“ in the third paragraph probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.observationB.standardC.performanceD.understanding(5).We can infer from the last paragraph that_.（分数：2.00）A.upturned noses will soon be considered beautifulB.defects in faci
49、al features may someday be appealingC.plastic-surgery is a well-developed industryD.people should be confident of their appearance七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Social-networking sites offer users easy ways to present idealized images of themselves, even if those ideals don“t always square with their real-world personalities. Psychology researcher Soraya Mehdizadeh has discovered a way to poke through the offline-online curtain: she has used Faeebook to predict a person“s level of narcissism and self-esteem. Mehdiz
