1、考研英语(二)-19 (1)及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The celebration of the New Year is the oldest one of all holidays. It was first 1 in 2 Babylon about 4,000 years ago. New Year“s Day is an 3 national holiday, and banks and offices will be closed. Many families have New Yea
2、r“s Day 4 . Traditionally, it was thought that it could 5 the luck they would have 6 the coming year by 7 they did or ate on the first day of the year. For that reason, it has become common for 8 to celebrate the first few minutes of a 9 new year in the 10 with the family and friends. Parties often
3、last into the middle of the night after the ringing of a new year. It was once believed that the first visitor on New Year“s Day would bring 11 good luck or bad luck to the rest of the year. It was particularly lucky if that visitor 12 to be a tall dark-haired man. Traditional New Year“s 13 are also
4、 thought to bring luck. People in many parts of the US celebrate the New Year by 14 black-eyed peas and cabbage. Black-eyed peas have been considered good luck in many cultures. Cabbage leaves are considered a 15 of prosperity, being 16 of paper currency. Other traditions of the season include the m
5、aking of New Year“s resolutions. That tradition also 17 back to the early Babylonians. Popular modern resolutions might include the 18 to lose weight or quit smoking. The song, “Auld Lang Syne“, is sung at the 19 of midnight in almost every English-speaking country in the world to bring in the New Y
6、ear. “Auld Lang Syne“ literally 20 “yearning for the old days.“（分数：10.00）A.remarkedB.commentedC.observedD.viewedA.prehistoricB.ancientC.pastD.oldA.officialB.regionalC.privateD.financialA.expensesB.sacrificesC.get-togethersD.pursuitsA.recallB.affectC.compromiseD.enhanceA.throughoutB.duringC.throughD.
7、withinA.whichB.meansC.whenD.whatA.folksB.adultsC.ghostsD.farmersA.logoB.trademarkC.calendarD.brandA.firmB.companyC.corporationD.ventureA.neitherB.notC.eitherD.butA.happenedB.occurredC.took placeD.broke outA.beverageB.feedbackC.banquetsD.foodsA.steamingB.pickingC.consumingD.roastingA.symbolB.markC.hi
8、ntD.signA.geneticB.representativeC.gorgeousD.strictA.emergesB.exemptsC.datesD.departsA.pronunciationB.revengeC.reviewD.promiseA.strokeB.statusC.stereotypeD.strideA.fusesB.meansC.coincidesD.generates二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite increased ai
9、rport security since September 11th, 2001, the technology to scan both passengers and baggage for weapons and bombs remains largely unchanged. Travellers walk through metal detectors and carry-on bags pass through x-ray machines that superimpose colour-coded highlights, but do little else. Checked-i
10、n luggage is screened by “computed tomography“, which peers inside a suitcase rather like a CAT scan of a brain. These systems can alert an operator to something suspicious, but they cannot tell what it is. More sophisticated screening technologies are emerging, albeit slowly. There are three main a
11、pproaches: enhanced x-rays to spot hidden objects, sensor technology to sniff dangerous chemicals, and radio frequencies that can identify liquids and solids. A number of manufacturers are using “reflective“ or “backscatter“ x-rays that can be calibrated to see objects through clothing. They can spo
12、t things that a metal detector may not, such as a ceramic knife or plastic explosives. But some people think they can reveal too much. In America, civil-liberties groups have stalled the introduction of such equipment, arguing that it is too intrusive. To protect travellers“ modesty, filters have be
13、en created to blur genital areas. Machines that can detect minute traces of explosive are also being tested. Passengers walk through a machine that blows a burst of air, intended to dislodge molecules of substances on a person“s body and clothes. The air is sucked into a filter, which instantaneousl
14、y analyses it to see whether it includes any suspect substances. The process can work for baggage as well. It is a vast improvement on today“s method, whereby carry-on items are occasionally swabbed and screened for traces of explosives. Because this is a manual operation, only a small share of bags
15、 are examined this way. The most radical of the new approaches uses “quadrupole resonance technology“. This involves bombarding an object with radio waves. By reading the returning signals, the machines can identify the molecular structure of the materials it contains. Since every compoundsolid, liq
16、uid or gascreates a unique frequency, it can be read like a fingerprint. The system can be used to look for drugs as well as explosives. For these technologies to make the jump from development labs and small trials to full deployment at airports they must be available at a price that airports are p
17、repared to pay. They must also be easy to use, take up little space and provide quick results, says Chris Yates, a security expert with Jane“s Airport Review . Norman Shanks, an airport security expert, says adding the new technologies costs around $100,000 per machine; he expects the systems to be
18、rolled out commercially over the next 12 months. They might close off one route to destroying an airliner, but a cruel certainty is that terrorists will try to find others.（分数：10.00）(1).What is the relationship between the 2nd paragraph and the 3rd, 4th and 5th paragraphs?（分数：2.00）A.A generalization
19、 is made in paragraph 2 and then elaborated in paragraph 3, 4 and 5.B.More sophisticated screening technologies are mentioned in paragraph 2 and 3 and then examples are provided in paragraph 4 and 5.C.Specific evidence is provided in paragraph 1, 2 and 3 and then a conclusion is drawn in paragraph 4
20、.D.Three main approaches are advanced in paragraph 2, 3 and then their functions are detailed in paragraph 4 and 5.(2).The delay of employment of x-ray equipment lies in its _.（分数：2.00）A.unreliable screeningB.full exposureC.inadequate efficiencyD.travellers“ modesty(3).Which of the followings is a d
21、etermining factor in terms of the prospect of the screening technologies discussed in the text?（分数：2.00）A.Their efficiency.B.Their brand.C.Their output.D.Their component.(4).It can be inferred from the last paragraph that _.（分数：2.00）A.new methods to prevent terrorism on aero-planes are not a panacea
22、B.new equipment will be mass-produced commercially over the next 12 monthsC.new methods are readily monitored by security staffs at the airportD.new equipment can only detect minute traces of explosive(5).The word “albeit“ in the first sentence of the second paragraph most probably means _.（分数：2.00）
23、A.althoughB.onceC.ifD.as五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For the first time, George Bush has acknowledged the existence of secret CIA prisons around the world, where key terrorist suspects100 in all, officials sayhave been interrogated with “ an alternative set of procedures “. Fourteen of the suspects, incl
24、uding the alleged mastermind of the September 11th attacks, were transferred on Monday to the American naval base at Guantnamo Bay in Cuba, where some will face trial for war crimes before special military commissions. Many of these menas Mr. Bush confirmed in a televised speech at the White House o
25、n September 6thare al-Qaeda operatives or Taliban fighters who had sought to withhold information that could “save American lives“. “In these cases, it has been necessary to move these individuals to an environment where they can be held secretly (and) questioned by experts,“ the president said. He
26、declined to say where they had been held or why they had not simply been sent straight to Guantnamo, as some 770 other suspected terrorists have been. Mr. Bush also refused to reveal what interrogation methods had been used, saying only that, though “tough“, they had been “safe and lawful and necess
27、ary“. Many believe that the main purpose of the CIA“s prisons was to hide from prying eyes the torture and other cruel or degrading treatment used to extract information from prisoners. But Mr. Bush insisted that America did not torture: “It“s against our laws, and it“s against our values. I have no
28、t authorised itand I will not authorise it.“ The Pentagon this week issued its long-awaited new Army Field Manual, forbidding all forms of torture and degrading treatment of prisoners by army personnelthough not the CIA. For the first time, it specifically bans forced nakedness, hooding, the use of
29、dogs, sexual humiliation and “waterboarding“ (simulated drowning)all practices that have been used at Guantnamo and Abu Ghraib. So why did the president decide now to reveal the CIA“s secret programme? Partly, he confessed, because of the Supreme Court“s recent ruling that minimum protections under
30、the Geneva Conventions applied to all military prisoners, no matter where they were. This has put American agents at risk of prosecution for war crimes. Mr. Bush has now asked Congress to ban suspected terrorists from suing American personnel in federal courts.（分数：10.00）(1).In terms of literary devi
31、ce, the phrase “an alternative set of procedures“ in the first paragraph of the text is a kind of _.（分数：2.00）A.hyperboleB.euphemismC.black humorD.stream of consciousness(2).Mr. Bush“s attitude toward the public“s remarks is _.（分数：2.00）A.consentB.hesitationC.denialD.approval(3).The term “declined“ in
32、 the last sentence of the second paragraph most probably denotes _.（分数：2.00）A.refusedB.droppedC.divedD.compromised(4).According to the text, the old Army Field Manual lacks _.（分数：2.00）A.some forms of degrading treatment of prisonersB.the trials of time by the CIAC.torture by army personnel in Abu Gh
33、raibD.specific ban on “water-boarding“(5).According to the text, the president admits to some “alternative“ method due to _.（分数：2.00）A.charity impulseB.economic recessionC.domestic boomingD.legal pressure六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Seven years ago, a group of female scientists at the Massachusetts Insti
34、tute of Technology produced a piece of research showing that senior women professors in the institute“s school of science had lower salaries and received fewer resources for research than their male counterparts did. Discrimination against female scientists has cropped up elsewhere. One studyconduct
35、ed in Sweden, of all placesshowed that female medical-research scientists had to be twice as good as men to win research grants. These pieces of work, though, were relatively small-scale. Now, a much larger study has found that discrimination plays a role in the pay gap between male and female scien
36、tists at British universities. Sara Connolly, a researcher at the University of East Anglia“s school of economics, has been analyzing the results of a survey of over 7,000 scientists and she has just presented her findings at this year“s meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Scie
37、nce in Norwich. She found that the average pay gap between male and female academics working in science, engineering and technology is around 1,500 ($2,850) a year. That is not, of course, irrefutable proof of discrimination. An alternative hypothesis is that the courses of men“s and women“s lives m
38、ean the gap is caused by something else; women taking “career breaks“ to have children, for example, and thus rising more slowly through the hierarchy. Unfortunately for that idea, Dr. Connolly found that men are also likely to earn more within any given grade of the hierarchy. Male professors, for
39、example, earn over 4,000 a year more than female ones. To prove the point beyond doubt, Dr. Connolly worked out how much of the overall pay differential was explained by differences such as seniority, experience and age, and how much was unexplained, and therefore suggestive of discrimination. Expli
40、cable differences amounted to 77% of the overall pay gap between the sexes. That still left a substantial 23% gap in pay, which Dr. Connolly attributes to discrimination. Besides pay, her study also looked at the “glass-ceiling“ effectnamely that at all stages of a woman“s career she is less likely
41、than her male colleagues to be promoted. Between postdoctoral and lecturer level, men are more likely to be promoted than women are, by a factor of between 1.04 and 2.45. Such differences are bigger at higher grades, with the hardest move of all being for a woman to settle into a professorial chair.
42、 Of course, it might be that, at each grade, men do more work than women, to make themselves more eligible for promotion. But that explanation, too, seems to be wrong. Unlike the previous studies, Dr. Connolly“s compared the experience of scientists in universities with that of those in other sorts
43、of laboratory. It turns out that female academic researchers face more barriers to promotion, and have a wider gap between their pay and that of their male counterparts, than do their sisters in industry or research institutes independent of universities. Private enterprise, in other words, delivers
44、 more equality than the supposedly egalitarian world of academia does.（分数：10.00）(1).The phrase “cropped up“ in the first paragraph most probably means _.（分数：2.00）A.plantedB.thrivedC.elevatedD.happened(2).Which of the followings can be attributed to Dr. Connolly“s study?（分数：2.00）A.Pay discrimination
45、between male and female scientists.B.Fewer resources for research by women scientists.C.The super qualities possessed by male scientists.D.The role of analyzing the results of a survey.(3).According to the text, the author places interpretation on _.（分数：2.00）A.a termB.a slangC.a humorD.a motto(4).In
46、 contrast to Dr. Connolly“s study, the previous ones failed to _.（分数：2.00）A.make a comparison between the experience of scientists in others kinds of laboratory and that of those in universitiesB.make themselves more eligible for promotionC.make a difference for a woman to settle into a professorial
47、 chairD.make the supposedly egalitarian world of academia deliver more equality(5).Which of followings could be the best title for the text?（分数：2.00）A.Take the LeadB.Free to FlutterC.The Hardest MoveD.Mind the Gap七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Artificial hearts have long been the stuff of science fiction.
48、In “Robocop“ , snazzy cardiac devices are made by Yamaha and Jensen, and in “Star Trek“, Jean-Luc Picard, captain of the Enterprise, has one implanted in the year 2328. In the present day, however, their history has been more chequered. The first serious attempt to build one happened in the 1980s, w
49、hen Jarvik-7, made by Robert Jarvik, a surgeon at the University of Utah, captured the world“s attention. But Jarvik-7 was a complicated affair that needed to be connected via tubes to machines outside the body. The patient could not go home, nor even turn around in bed. Various other designs have been tried since, but all were seen as temporary expedients intended to tide a patient over until the real thing became available from a human donor. That may be about to change. This week, America“s Food and Drug Administrat
