1、考研英语(二)-34 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：4，分数：100.00)For years, doctors advised their patients that the only thing taking multivitamins does is give them expensive urine. After all, true vitamin deficiencies are practically unheard of in industrialized countries. Now it seems
2、 those doctors may have been wrong. The results of a growing number of studies suggest that even a modest vitamin shortfall can be harmful to your health. Although proof of the benefits of multivitamins is still far from certain, the few dollars you spend on them is probably a good investment. Or at
3、 least that“s the argument put forward in the New England Journal of Medicine . Ideally, say Dr. Walter Willett and Dr. Meir Stampfer of Harvard, all vitamin supplements would be evaluated in scientifically rigorous clinical trials. But those studies can take a long time and often raise more questio
4、ns than they answer. At some point, while researchers work on figuring out where the truth lies, it just makes sense to say the potential benefit outweighs the cost. The best evidence to date concerns folate, one of the B vitamins. It“s been proved to limit the number of defects in embryos, and a re
5、cent trial found that folate in combination with vitamin B12 and a form of t36 also decreases the re-blockage of arteries after surgical repair. The news on vitamin E has been more mixed. Healthy folks who take 400 international units daily for at least two years appear somewhat less likely to devel
6、op heart disease. But when doctors give vitamin E to patients who already have heart disease, the vitamin doesn“t seem to help. It may turn out that vitamin E plays a role in prevention but cannot undo serious damage. Despite vitamin C“s great popularity, consuming large amounts of it still has not
7、been positively linked to any great benefit. The body quickly becomes saturated with C and simply excretes any excess. The multivitamins question boils down to this: Do you need to wait until all the evidence is in before you take them, or are you willing to accept that there“s enough evidence that
8、they don“t hurt and could help? If the latter, there“s no need to go to extremes and buy the biggest horse pills or the most expensive bottles. Large doses can cause trouble, including excessive bleeding and nervous system problems. Multivitamins are no substitute for exercise and a balanced diet, o
9、f course. As long as you understand that any potential benefit is modest and subject to further refinement, taking a daily multivitamin makes a lot of sense.（分数：25.00）(1).At one time doctors discouraged taking multivitamins because they believed that multivitamins _.（分数：5.00）A.could not easily be ab
10、sorbed by the human bodyB.were potentially harmful to people“s healthC.were too expensive for daily consumptionD.could not provide any cure for vitamin deficiencies(2).According to the author, clinical trials of vitamin supplements _.（分数：5.00）A.often result in misleading conclusionsB.take time and w
11、ill not produce conclusive resultsC.should be conducted by scientists on a larger scaleD.appear to be a sheer waste of time and resources(3).It has been found that vitamin E _.（分数：5.00）A.should be taken by patients regularly and persistentlyB.can effectively reduce the recurrence of heart diseaseC.h
12、as a preventive but not curative effect on heart diseaseD.should be given to patients with heart disease as early as possible(4).It can be seen that large doses of multivitamins _.（分数：5.00）A.may bring about serious side effectsB.may help prevent excessive bleedingC.are likely to induce the blockage
13、of arteriesD.are advisable for those with vitamin deficiencies(5).The author concludes the passage with the advice that _.（分数：5.00）A.the benefit of daily multivitamin intake outweighs that of exercise and a balanced dietB.it“s risky to take multivitamins without knowing their specific functionC.the
14、potential benefit of multivitamins can never be overestimatedD.it“s reasonable to take a rational dose of multivitamins dailySome futurologists have assumed that the vast upsurge of women in the workforce may portend a rejection of marriage. Many women, according to this hypothesis, would rather wor
15、k than marry. The converse of this concern is that the prospects of becoming a multi-paycheck household could encourage marriages. In the past, only the earnings and financial prospects of the man counted in the marriage decision. Now, however, the earning ability of a woman can make her more attrac
16、tive as a marriage partner. Data show that economic downturns tend to postpone marriage because the parties cannot afford to establish a family or are concerned about rainy days ahead. As the economy rebounds, the number of marriages also rises. Coincident with the increase in women working outside
17、the home is the increase in divorce rates. Yet, it may be wrong to jump to any simple cause-and-effect conclusions. The impact of a wife“s work on divorce is no less cloudy than its impact on marriage decisions. The realization that she can be a good provider may increase the chances that a working
18、wife will choose divorce over an unsatisfactory marriage. But the reverse is equally plausible. Tensions grounded in financial problems often play a key role in ending a marriage. Given high unemployment, inflationary problems, and slow growth in real earnings, a working wife can increase household
19、income and relieve some of these pressing financial burdens. By raising a family“s standard of living, a working wife may strengthen her family“s financial and emotional stability. Psychological factors also should be considered. For example, a wife blocked from a career outside the home may feel ca
20、ged in the house. She may view her only choice as seeking a divorce. On the other hand, if she can find fulfillment through work outside the home, work and marriage can go together to create a stronger and more stable union. Also, a major part of women“s inequality in marriage has been due to the fa
21、ct that, in most cases, men have remained the main breadwinners. With higher earning capacity and status occupations outside of the home comes the capacity to exercise power within file family. A working wife may rob a husband of being the master of the house. Depending upon how the couple reacts to
22、 these new conditions, it could create a stronger equal partnership or it could create new insecurities.（分数：25.00）(1).The word “portend“ (Line 1, Para.1) is closest in meaning to “ _“.（分数：5.00）A.defyB.signalC.suffer fromD.result from(2).It is said in the passage that when the economy slides, _.（分数：5
23、.00）A.men would choose working women as their marriage partnersB.more women would get married to seek financial securityC.even working women would worry about their marriagesD.more people would prefer to remain single for the time being(3).If women find fulfillment through work outside the home, _.（
24、分数：5.00）A.they are more likely to dominate their marriage partnersB.their husbands are expected to do more houseworkC.their marriage ties can be strengthenedD.they tend to put their career before marriage(4).One reason why women with no career may seek a divorce is that _.（分数：5.00）A.they feel that t
25、hey have been robbed of their freedomB.they are afraid of being bossed around by their husbandsC.they feel that their partners fail to live up to their expectationsD.they tend to suspect their husbands“ loyalty to their marriage(5).Which of the following statements can best summarize the author“s vi
26、ew in the passage?（分数：5.00）A.The stability of marriage and the divorce rate may reflect the economic situation of the country.B.Even when economically independent, most women have to struggle for real equality in marriage.C.In order to secure their marriage women should work outside the home and rem
27、ain independent.D.The impact of the growing female workforce on marriage varies from case to case.For most thinkers since the Greek philosophers, it was self-evident that there is something called human nature, something that constitutes the essence of man. There were various views about what consti
28、tutes it, but there was agreement that such an essence existsthat is to say, that there is something by virtue of which man is man. Thus man was defined as a rational being, as a social animal, an animal that can make tools, or a symbol-making animal. More recently, this traditional view has begun t
29、o be questioned. One reason for this change was the increasing emphasis given to the historical approach to man. An examination of the history of humanity suggested that man in our epoch is so different from man in previous times that it seemed unrealistic to assume that men in every age have had in
30、 common something that can be called “human nature“. The historical approach was reinforced, particularly in the United States, by studies in the field of cultural anthropology. The study of primitive peoples has discovered such a diversity of customs, values, feelings, and thoughts that many anthro
31、pologists arrived at the concept that man is born as a blank sheet of paper on which each culture writes its text. Another factor contributing to the tendency to deny the assumption of a fixed human nature was that the concept has so often been abused as a shield behind which the most inhuman acts a
32、re committed. In the name of human nature, for example, Aristotle and most thinkers up to the eighteenth century defended slavery. Or in order to prove the rationality and necessity of the capitalist form of society, scholars have tried to make a case for acquisitiveness, competitiveness, and selfis
33、hness as innate human traits. Popularly, one refers cynically to “human nature“ in accepting the inevitability of such undesirable human behavior as greed, murder, cheating and lying. Another reason for skepticism about the concept of human nature probably lies in the influence of evolutionary think
34、ing. Once man came to be seen as developing in the process of evolution, the idea of a substance which is contained in his essence seemed untenable. Yet I believe it is precisely from an evolutionary standpoint that we can expect new insight into the problem of the nature of man.（分数：25.00）(1).The tr
35、aditional view of “human nature“ was strongly challenged by _.（分数：5.00）A.the emergence of the evolutionary theoryB.the historical approach to manC.new insight into human behaviorD.the philosophical analysis of slavery(2).According to the passage, anthropologists believe that human beings _.（分数：5.00）
36、A.have some traits in commonB.are born with diverse culturesC.are born without a fixed natureD.change their characters as they grow up(3).The author mentioned Aristotle, a great ancient thinker, in order to _.（分数：5.00）A.emphasize that he contributed a lot to defining the concept of “human nature“B.s
37、how that the concept of “human nature“ was used to justify social evilsC.prove that he had a profound influence on the concept of “human nature“D.support the idea that some human traits are acquired(4).The word “untenable“ (Line 3) in the last paragraph of the passage most probably means _.（分数：5.00）
38、A.invaluableB.imaginableC.changeableD.indefensible(5).Most philosophers believed that human nature _.（分数：5.00）A.is the quality distinguishing man from other animalsB.consists of competitiveness and selfishnessC.is something partly innate and partly acquiredD.consists of rationality and undesirable b
39、ehaviorRichard Satava, program manager for advanced medical technologies, has been a driving force in bringing virtual reality to medicine, where computers create a “virtual“ or simulated environment for surgeons and other medical practitioners. “With virtual reality we“ll be able to put a surgeon i
40、n every trench,“ said Satava. He envisaged a time when soldiers who are wounded fighting overseas are put in mobile surgical units equipped with computers. The computers would transmit images of the soldiers to surgeons back in the U.S. The surgeons would look at the soldier through virtual reality
41、helmets that contain a small screen displaying the image of the wound. The doctors would guide robotic instruments in the battlefield mobile surgical unit that operate on the soldier. Although Satava“s vision may be years away from standard operating procedure, scientists are progressing toward virt
42、ual reality surgery. Engineers at an international organization in California are developing a tele-operating device. As surgeons watch a three-dimensional image of the surgery, they move instruments that are connected to a computer, which passes their movements to robotic instruments that perform t
43、he surgery. The computer provides feedback to the surgeon on force, textures, and sound. These technological wonders may not yet be part of the community hospital setting but increasingly some of the machinery is finding its way into civilian medicine. At Wayne State University Medical School, surge
44、on Lucia Zamorano takes images of the brain from computerized scans and uses a computer program to produce a 3-D image. She can then maneuver the 3-D image on the computer screen to map the shortest, least invasive surgical path to the tumor. Zamorano is also using technology that attaches a probe t
45、o surgical instruments so that she can track their positions. While cutting away a tumor deep in the brain, she watches the movement of her surgical tools in a computer graphics image of the patient“s brain taken before surgery. During these proceduresoperations that are done through small cuts in t
46、he body in which a miniature camera and surgical tools are maneuveredsurgeons are wearing 3-D glasses for a better view. And they are commanding robot surgeons to cut away tissue more accurately than human surgeons can. Satava says, “We are in the midst of a fundamental change in the field of medici
47、ne.“（分数：25.00）(1).According to Richard Satava, the application of virtual reality to medicine _.（分数：5.00）A.will enable surgeons to be physically present on every battlefieldB.can raise the spirits of soldiers wounded on the battlefieldC.will greatly improve medical conditions on the battlefieldD.can
48、 shorten the time for operations on soldiers wounded on the battlefield(2).Richard Satava has visions of _.（分数：5.00）A.using a remote-control technique to treat wounded soldiers fighting overseasB.wounded soldiers being saved by doctors wearing virtual reality helmets on the battlefieldC.wounded sold
49、iers being operated on by specially trained surgeonsD.setting up mobile surgical units overseas(3).How is virtual reality surgery performed?（分数：5.00）A.It is performed by a computer-designed high precision device.B.Surgeons wear virtual reality helmets to receive feedback provided by a computer.C.Surgeons move robotic instruments by means of a computer linked to them.D.A 3-D image records the movements of the surgeons during the operation.(4).During virtual reality operations, the surgeon can have a better view o
