1、考研英语(二)分类真题 10及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)For as long as multinational companies have existedand some historians trace them back to banking under the Knights Templar in 1135they have been derided by their critics as g
2、reedy rich-world beasts. If there was ever any truth to that accusation, it is fast disappearing. While globalisation has opened new markets to rich-world companies, it has also given birth to a pack of fast-moving, sharp-toothed new multinationals that is emerging from the poor world. The newcomers
3、 have some big advantages over the old firms. They are not restricted by the accumulated legacies of their rivals. Infosys, an Indian IT-service company, rightly sees itself as more energetic than IBM, because when it makes a decision it does not have to weigh the opinions of thousands of highly pai
4、d careerists in Armonk, New York. That, in turn, can make a difference in the competition for talent. Western multinationals often find that the best local people leave for a local rival as soon as they have been trained, because the prospects of rising to the top can seem better at the local firm.
5、But the newcomers“ advantages are not overwhelming. Take the difference in company ethics, for instance, which worries plenty of rich-world managers. They fear that they will engage in a race to the bottom with rivals unencumbered by the fine feelings of shareholders and domestic customers, and so a
6、re bound to lose. Yet the evidence is that companies harmonise up, not down. In developing countries multinationals tend to spread better working practices and environmental conditions; but when emerging-country multinationals operate in rich countries they tend to adopt local mores. So as those com
7、panies globalise, the differences are likely to narrow. Nor is cost as big an advantage to emerging-country multinationals as it might seem. They compete against the old guard on value for money, which depends on both price and quality. A firm like Tata Steel, from low-cost India, would never have b
8、ought expensive, Anglo-Dutch Corus were it not for its expertise in making fancy steel. This points to an enduring source of advantage for the wealthy companies under attack. A world that is not governed by cost alone suits them, because they already possess a formidable array of skills, such as man
9、aging relations with customers, polishing brands, building up know-how and fostering innovation. Nobody said that coping with a new brood of competitors was going to be easy. Some of today“s established multinational companies will not be up to the task. But others will emerge from the encounter str
10、onger than ever. And consumers, wherever they are, will gain from the contest.（分数：20.00）(1).What do we learn from the second sentence of the first paragraph?（分数：4.00）A.The banking under the Knights Templar is now going out of operation.B.The number of Western multinational companies is on the declin
11、e.C.Much greedier multinationals from the poor world are emerging.D.Most Western multinationals are changing their image as ruthless beasts.(2).One of the advantages the new multinationals over the old is _（分数：4.00）A.their efficient decision-making processB.their ability to accumulate sizeable wealt
12、hC.their employment of local people for their serviceD.the young age of their local employees(3).Unlike the new multinationals, the established multinationals _（分数：4.00）A.know nothing about the working conditions of the poor countriesB.attach greater weight to the interests o their shareholders and
13、customersC.often come into conflict with local governments in emerging countriesD.tend to adopt local working practices once they get into a new country(4).It is implied in the passage that one disadvantage with Western multinationals is their _（分数：4.00）A.working environmentB.lack of skilled workers
14、C.worsening relation with local customersD.higher cost(5).Which of the following questions is the passage written to answer?（分数：4.00）A.Why China and India are rising globally?B.How the new multinationals are remaking the old?C.Why Western multinationals now find themselves in trouble?D.How the new m
15、ultinationals should fit into the global picture?四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Though not the ideal shape for a Christmas stocking, this slim little volume could nevertheless make a welcome seasonal gift. Launched in Britain at the end of October, and covering just under 100 pages, it is not much more tha
16、n an extended essay. But it presents an interesting idea eloquently and clearly, offering digestible brain food in the middle of excessive turkey and television. The author of Hierarchy Is Not the Only Way, Gerard Fairtlough, was a senior executive with Shell for many years before he left in 1980 to
17、 found a new biotechnology company called Celltechrecently bought by UCB, a Belgian group, for over $2 billion. He knows how businesses are runboth well-established organisations, such as Shell, in which it can be hard to see an alternative to the “way things are done around here“, and new firms, wh
18、ere the founders“ enthusiasm can evaporate if it has to be organized into an organogram. The author“s thesis is that we are all addicted to hierarchypartly because that is how we are hardwired, as are our simian cousins, but also because we do not realise there are other ways to run organisations. “
19、The powerful status of hierarchy,“ writes Mr. Fairtlough, “makes us think the only alternative is disorganisation.we only compare hierarchy with anarchy or chaos.“ There are, he says, two alternatives to hierarchy. One is heterarchy; the other, “responsible autonomy.“ Heterarchy is the form of struc
20、ture commonly found in professional-service firms, the partnerships of accountants or lawyers in which key decisions are taken by all the partners jointly. With responsible autonomy “an individual or a group has autonomy to decide what to do, but is accountable for the outcome of the decision.“ “Acc
21、ountability,“ says Mr. Fairtlough, “is what makes responsible autonomy different from anarchy.“ The author says that hierarchy is so deeply rooted that it will take years before there is any significant change. But he perhaps gives too little credit to the many companies that have moved along the sp
22、ectrum from hierarchy to responsible autonomy. BP, for example, a huge multinational, has managed to split authority into much smaller units in recent years and has reduced the staff in its headquarters. Toyota, likewise, evolved towards greater autonomy as it discovered that the only effective way
23、to carry out its famous “just-in-time“ system of stock control was by delegating responsibility for ordering stock to the person closest to the coal face. The fact that these are among the most successful companies in the world today strengthens Mr. Fairtlough“s case.（分数：20.00）(1).What is the idea p
24、resented in Fairtlough“s book?（分数：4.00）A.There are other ways of running businesses than hierarchy.B.Responsible autonomy is the only way for running new businesses.C.Well established organizations should be run differently from new businesses.D.Hierarchy is not the only way of running well-establis
25、hed organizations.(2).The “hegemony of hierarchy“ refers to _（分数：4.00）A.the development of partnership in a hierarchical managementB.the comparison of hierarchy with anarchy or chaosC.the replacement of hierarchy with responsible autonomyD.the dominance of hierarchy as a way of running organizations
26、(3).The author is critical of Fairtlough when the latter _（分数：4.00）A.thinks responsible autonomy is the only way for running a businessB.asserts that the idea of management is suitable to professional-service firmsC.ignores the fact that workers in some firms are enjoying enough autonomyD.fails to r
27、ealize that management style is actually a matter of individual taste(4).The Toyota experience demonstrates _（分数：4.00）A.the importance of punctuality at workB.the value of the autonomy in managementC.the illusory nature of Fairtlough“s ideaD.the efficiency of a hierarchical system(5).The passage is
28、most likely to be _（分数：4.00）A.a review of a bookB.a survey of Christmas activitiesC.a study on management efficiencyD.an essay on corporate management五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Faced with rising costs, decreased funding and laws in many states designed to keep public universities from raising tuition,
29、many state school systems are making up for budget inadequacy by adding fees for everything from “technology“ to “energy“. Meanwhile, the average cost to attend a public school increased 47% between 2000 and 2007 (adjusted for inflation) according to the College Board, a non-profit that studies educ
30、ation costs and owns the SAT. State politicians are so eager to advocate low-cost higher education that “tuition“ has become a dirty word. The F-word, on the other hand feeshas become a go-to charge for public universities strapped for cash. The 20062007 school year marked the first time fee increas
31、es outpaced tuition hikes, according to the College Board. Fees were up 8% and tuition 6% in 20072008 compared to the previous year. Why the fee frenzy? State legislatures across the country have instituted strict limits on tuition increases and require arduous bureaucratic and political procedures
32、to change them. With financing for public universities on the decline since the 1980s, “everybody got very interested in what they could do to affect revenues, and fees Undoubtedly turned out to be one of the measures they could control,“ says David Brenaman, an economics professor at the University
33、 of Virginia who studies college financing. In Oregon, so many extras had been tacked on over the years that in 2007, fees added as much as 40% to the cost of tuition. When campuses saw their energy bills go up, students were charged a fee. When classrooms had to be wired for new technologies, stude
34、nts were charged a fee. “There were some that were one-time things that ended up staying a little bit longer,“ concedes Diane Saunders, director of communications for the Oregon University System. These covert tuition hikes did not go unnoticed. The Oregon Student Association, which represents pupil
35、s at the state“s seven public colleges, protested the enormous fees, arguing that they decreased transparency in the system and penalized students whose financial aid packages only covered tuition. In June, the system announced that mandatory fees would be rolled into tuition. “So families know what
36、 they“re facing up front and so students know what they“re facing up front,“ says Saunders, who credits the students for being “co-advocates“ with the Oregon University System that is constantly lobbying the state legislature for more funding. With no state politician likely to campaign on a platfor
37、m of dramatically increasing school tuitions, fees will continue to fill in the gaps. And as high oil prices continue to drive up the cost of energy and transportationto name just two expensive items in any university budgetstudents are advised to read their bills carefully. And don“t forget to fact
38、or in the F-word.（分数：20.00）(1).Why do universities choose to increase fees rather than tuition?（分数：4.00）A.Because they will not make much profit by raising tuition.B.Because universities are supposed to be non-profit organizations.C.Because there are great varieties of things that can be charged fee
39、s.D.Because they face legal and political pressures raising tuition.(2).From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that _（分数：4.00）A.financial pressure makes public universities tack on feesB.public universities charge less fees than private universitiesC.most public universities have rai
40、sed tuition rather than feesD.low-cost higher education benefits students of public universities(3).Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause for the fee frenzy?（分数：4.00）A.Strict legal restriction on increasing tuition.B.Reduced funding for public universitiesC.Difficulty in changing the le
41、gal limits on tuition increases.D.Difficulty in changing bureaucratic and political procedures.(4).The students at Oregon complain about the _（分数：4.00）A.unjustified penalty of some studentsB.rising hidden college costsC.inadequate financial aid coverageD.unwarranted increasing tuition(5).In response
42、 to the students“ complaint, the authority promises _（分数：4.00）A.to make various fees more transparentB.not to increase school tuition any moreC.not to charge more feesD.to punish those who punished students六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Nationally, the unemployment rate sits at 9.5 percent. But in the El C
43、entro metropolitan area, it“s an incredible 27.6 percent. And as workers across the country struggle to navigate the lifeless labor market, El Centro has emerged as a case study about just how fragile the economic recovery can be. In recent years, California“s multibillion-dollar budget shortfall an
44、d its painful cutbacks have gotten plenty of attention. But even by California standards, El Centro“s situation is unusually dire. Since the recession hit, the area“s housing market has fallen apart, its wages have remained anemic, and its unemployment rate has soared. In El Centro, the position of
45、mayor rotates between the members of the city council. Viegas-Walker has sat on the council for 13 years and is currently serving a third term as mayor. He attributes the city“s sky-high unemployment rate to its agricultural economy. Laborers in El Centro grow and harvest broccoli, lettuce, wheat, a
46、nd just about everything in between. All told, agriculture in the area is a billion-dollar-a-year industry. But agricultural work is often temporary by nature, and seasonal job losses take a toll on the city“s overall unemployment rate. Meanwhile, competition from workers from nearby Mexico makes ag
47、ricultural jobs harder to come by. In El Centro, unemployment has always been a concern. Notably, in the past decade, the area“s jobless rate has never dropped below 12 percent. But when the economy soured during the recession, El Centro“s unemployment rate surged, rising from 15.3 percent at the be
48、ginning of 2007 to 31.3 percent by the middle of last year as the housing market collapsed. “We had a large construction boom going on,“ says Sam Couchman, director of workforce development and veteran services. “So those construction workers being unemployed when the construction boom ended and eve
49、rything kind of came to a standstillthat“s why you continue to have a high unemployment rate. They had overbuilt; they weren“t selling the homes that they had, so why would they build more?“ But it“s not just housing. The retail and manufacturing sectors also got squeezed, applying further pressure to an already struggling economy. Currently, the government is one of the few reliable employers left. Another potential bright spot is the hope that El Centro will be able to expand its renewable-energy industry. Already, El Centro resid
