1、考研英语(二)分类真题 3 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Children in highly developed countries suffer abuse and neglect much more often than is reported by official child protective agencies, according to the findings of the first
2、in a comprehensive series of reports on child maltreatment, published Dec. 2 in the British medical journal The Lancet. The issue lies in the delicate nature of the crimesand the consequences of intervention. Many cases of abuse have the potential for long-term harm of the child, whether or not the
3、assault is reported. The decision to report is rarely clear-cut, says Theresa Costello, “Professionals want to advocate for their clients, but they also know the reality of the public child-welfare system,“ she says. “There is a natural professional dilemma. When you see a kid and you think, “I shou
4、ld make a report,“ but you“re not sure you want to subject that child to the system.“ The new research underscores the fact that the most common type of child abuse in developed countriessimple neglectis often the“ least publicized. The Lancet analysis finds that neglect is the number one category o
5、f maltreatment reported by child protective services. “We have paid much more attention to physical and sexual abuse. Even though neglect is the largest portion of cases, it“s under everybody“s radar,“ says Widom, a psychology professor and a lead author on one of the Lancet studies. Widom points to
6、 years of past research linking early childhood abuse to an increased risk of long-term behavioral and psychological problems, ranging from low educational achievement to criminal behavior, risky sexual practices and even increased risk of obesity. Yet there is no completely objective test for the p
7、resence of abuse. Identifying victimized children is often a subjective process, and caregivers may be wary of wielding false accusations. Self-reports of abuse are frequently flawed and inaccurate as well, says Widom; they often produce the largest estimates of abuse incidence, but their definition
8、s of maltreatment are overly broad. Even when children of abuse are correctly identified, not all caregivers know how to ensure their proper treatment. There is an effort in operation to rectify that problem. Jenny is one of roughly 250 pediatricians across the U.S. whose specialty is the identifica
9、tion and prevention of child abuse, and the field is gaining momentumand standardization. By 9,012, a three-year post-residency fellowship will be required of all new pediatricians who wish to specialize in child abuse. And the National Association of Children“s Hospitals has advocated for requiring
10、 all children“s medical institutions to have a child-abuse specialist on staff. Says Widom, the ultimate goal is to prevent abuse in the first place, and to protect the well-being of children who have been victimized: “It would be wrong to assume that all maltreated children are going to turn out to
11、 have all of these problems,“ she says.（分数：20.00）(1).Most child abuse goes unreported because _（分数：4.00）A.cases of abuse are seldom identified at the initial stageB.professionals are not intelligent enough to detect abuseC.professionals worry the children may suffer from exposureD.it is difficult to
12、 make a distinction between abuse and neglect(2).The “natural professional dilemma“ (Para. 2) refers to the _（分数：4.00）A.difficulty professionals have in reporting or not reporting cases of abuseB.realization that professionals will be unable to identify cases of abuseC.difficult decision whether to
13、replace the current public child-welfare systemD.knowledge that it is useless to expose cases of abuse even if they are identified(3).By saying “it“s under everybody“s radar“ (Para. 3), Widom means _（分数：4.00）A.cases of neglect are the least reportedB.physical and sexual abuse is easily noticeableC.e
14、verybody is watching closely for cases of neglectD.too much attention is paid to physical and sexual abuse(4).Estimates of abuse incidence in self-reports _（分数：4.00）A.are often distorted by caregiversB.are often highly exaggeratedC.are based on an objective processD.are based on subjective tests(5).
15、Identifying maltreated children can be turned into an objective process _（分数：4.00）A.by showing to all caregivers how to recognize itB.by taking the children to children“s hospitalsC.by preventing all kinds of abuse in the first placeD.by training a new generation of medical specialists四、Text 2(总题数：1
16、，分数：20.00)Today, social scientists are rejecting the notion of a monolithic and unchanging culture of poverty. And they attribute destructive attitudes and behavior not to inherent moral character but to sustained racism and isolation. To Robert J. Sampson, a sociologist at Harvard, culture is best
17、understood as “shared understandings.“ “I study inequality, and the dominant focus is on structures of poverty,“ he said. But he added that the reason a neighborhood turns into a “poverty trap“ is also related to a common perception of the way people in a community act and think. As part of a large
18、research project in Chicago, Professor Sampson walked through different neighborhoods this summer, dropping stamped, addressed envelopes to see how many people would pick up an apparently lost letter and mail it, a sign that looking out for others is part of the community“s culture. In some neighbor
19、hoods, like Grand Boulevard, almost no envelopes were mailed; in others researchers received more than half of the letters back. Income levels did not necessarily explain the difference, Professor Sampson said, but rather the community“s cultural norms, the levels of moral cynicism and disorder. The
20、 shared perception of a neighborhoodis it on the rise or stagnant? does a better job of predicting a community“s future than the actual level of poverty, he said. William Julius Wilson, whose pioneering work boldly confronted ghetto life while focusing on economic explanations for persistent poverty
21、, defines culture as the way “individuals in a community develop an understanding of how the world works and make decisions based on that understanding.“ For some young black men, Professor Wilson, a Harvard sociologist, said, the world works like this. “If you don“t develop a tough demeanor, you wo
22、n“t survive. If you have access to weapons, you get them, and if you get into a fight, you have to use them.“ Seeking to recapture the topic from economists, sociologists have ventured into poor neighborhoods to delve deeper into the attitudes of residents. Their results have challenged some common
23、assumptions, like the belief that poor mothers remain single because they don“t value marriage. In Philadelphia, for example, low-income mothers told the sociologists Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas that they thought marriage was profoundly important, even sacred, but doubted that their partners were
24、 “marriage material.“ Their results have prompted some lawmakers and poverty experts to conclude that programs that promote marriage without changing economic and social conditions are unlikely to work. Scholars like Professor Wilson said he felt compelled to look more closely at culture after the p
25、ublication of Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein“s controversial 1994 book, “The Bell Curve,“ which attributed African-Americans“ lower I. Q. scores to genetics. The authors claimed to have taken family background into account, Professor Wilson said, but “they had not captured the cumulative effe
26、cts of living in poor, racially segregated neighborhoods. I realized we needed a comprehensive measure of the environment, that we must consider structural and cultural forces.“（分数：20.00）(1).The topic of the passage is _（分数：4.00）A.the culture of povertyB.community attitudeC.the problems of low-incom
27、e mothersD.poverty relief programs(2).Sampson“s experiment shows that _（分数：4.00）A.most people are sympathetic enough to mail the lost lettersB.the difference in income levels determines how people actC.a community“s culture explains why its people act in a certain wayD.the more disorderly a communit
28、y is, the more sympathetic its people are(3).Professor Wilson“s definition of culture and that of Professor Sampson are _（分数：4.00）A.contradictoryB.similarC.simplisticD.obscure(4).The findings of Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas have changed _（分数：4.00）A.single mothers“ attitude towards marriageB.some l
29、ong-held beliefs about poor mothersC.the economic and social conditions of poor mothersD.the attitude of economists to single mothers(5).The attitude of Professor Wilson to the view expressed in “The Bell Curve“ is _（分数：4.00）A.reserved consentB.straightforward approvalC.total indifferenceD.strong di
30、sapproval五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)European countries are confronted by two global forces: atmospheric pressures that, as it were, change the weather, silently transforming societies and the assumptions of public policy. One is climate change. The other is demography. The two have a lot in common. Bot
31、h are easily recognised but less easily understood. Both are products of complex forces and inconspicuous influences. Both create huge effects from tiny and gradual changes. A rise in global temperature by one degree or a fall in fertility by one point may sound trivial but, over 100 years, will mak
32、e the earth unbearably hot, or reshape the size and composition of societies. It would be too much to say Europe“s population is back on the rise. But its long-term decline is starting to bottom out, and is even rising in a few places. On its face, this seems an odd assertion. In 1957, every one of
33、the 27 countries that are now EU members had fertility rates above 2.1. Now, none does. 2.1 is the replacement level, the point at which the population stabilises. Received opinion holds that “demography is destiny“. American observers from Walter Laqueur, an academic, to Mark Steyn, a conservative
34、thinker, argue that Europe is fast becoming a barren, ageing, enfeebled place. The combination of low fertility, longer life and mass immigration will put intolerable pressure on public health, pensions and social services, leading (probably) to upheaval. There are several possible objections to tha
35、t gloomy forecast. One is that a growing population is not, of itself, necessarily a good thing, nor a falling one unambiguously bad. Another is that there is no short-term correlation between population change and wealth: Japan and South Korea have even lower fertility than Europe. But there is a s
36、impler objection: the picture of relentless decline is wrong, or, to be accurate, half wrong. Europe is not in decline. Rather, as Jitka Rychtarikova of the Charles University in Prague argues, it no longer makes sense to talk about Europe as a single demographic unit at all. There are two Europes.
37、One is the familiar place of low fertility and population decline. The low fertility belt runs from the Mediterranean to central and eastern Europe, embracing both old and new parts of the continent. The other, surprising Europe is a place of recovering fertility and rising population. It stretches
38、from Scandinavia to France. Here, countries have escaped the fertility trap and the childbearing rate is around 1.8not high, but higher than it was, and, in some cases, reaching the magic replacement level. Europeans are only starting the process of recovery. Compared with America, even the growing
39、parts of the continent have modest fertility rates and high dependency ratios. But if Europe has a demographic future it lies in Britain, France and Scandinavia, not across the Atlantic.（分数：20.00）(1).Demographic changes may have inconspicuous influences in that _（分数：4.00）A.a rise in temperature will
40、 greatly increases atmospheric pressureB.the climate change will have unpredictable effects on population growthC.unrestricted population growth will eventually causes great climate changeD.a small change in fertility may lead to great population change in the future(2).Europe“s population in the la
41、st few decades was, on the whole, characterized by _（分数：4.00）A.low birthratesB.increased death-rateC.a balanced replacement rateD.constant ups and downs(3).By saying Europe“s population decline “is starting to bottom out“, the author means it _（分数：4.00）A.will continue to grow for some years to comeB
42、.is drawing close to its replacement levelC.will soon see an upheaval in growthD.wilt plunge into a bottomless decline(4).According to Rychtarikova the assertion that “demography is destiny“ is currently more true of _（分数：4.00）A.the western part of EuropeB.the eastern part of EuropeC.both parts of E
43、uropeD.neither part of Europe(5).We can conclude from the passage that _（分数：4.00）A.many Europeans are emigrating to the United StatesB.America has the greatest fertility rate in the developed worldC.reports of Europe“s death are somewhat exaggeratedD.France is a country which sees the greatest growt
44、h in population六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)A young man comes into Lucinda Roy“s office. She is the head of English at Virginia Tech, a university. He is a student whose bloodthirsty “creative writing“ has set off alarm bells. He insists that his teacher is over-reacting. He is not really angry, he says.
45、 His poetry is satirical; it is supposed to make people laugh. He speaks “in the softest voice I have ever heard coming from a full-grown man,“ says Ms Roy. That was in October 2005. Eighteen months later the young man shot and killed 32 people, mostly fellow students, without uttering a word. Then
46、he killed himself. As the second anniversary of the Virginia Tech massacre approaches, crazed gunmen are in the news again. Why do such horrors happen? Some people are turning to Ms Roy“s new memoir to find out. Ms Roy favors gun control. It annoys her that Virginia still allows gun shows to sell gu
47、ns without background checks to weed out buyers who are criminal or insane. But she admits that the gun advocates occasionally have a point. Armed students do sometimes subdue school shooters. Ms Roy lists examples. Whether more guns on campus would lead to fewer deaths, as some claim, or more, as o
48、thers insist, is impossible to prove. There are too many confounding factors, and too few school shootings, thank heavens. In any case, the gun advocates“ thesis is unlikely to be tested. Few teachers would feel comfortable in a gun-filled classroom. How do you give an “F“ grade to an armed adolesce
49、nt? Another popular argument, after Virginia Tech, was that the media were partly to blame. The killer had watched coverage of a previous massacre, at Columbine High School in Colorado, and decided to copy it. He also wanted to be famous. He filmed himself posing with guns and issuing an incoherent manifesto of complaints. Between his first two murders and his last 30, he posted the footage to NBC, a television channel, hoping they would broadcast it. They obliged. He thus became an icon to other lonely madman. M
