1、考研英语(二)分类真题 19及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Imagine a classroom where the instructors speak a foreign language and the students can“t take notes, turn to a textbook, or ask any questions. Yet at the end of the final exa
2、m, one participant may face life in jail or even death. That“s the task handed to American jurors, briefly thrown together to decide accused criminals“ fate. In “A Trial by Jury,“ Princeton history professor D. Graham Burnett offers a rare glimpse inside jury deliberations at a New York murder trial
3、 where he served as foreman last year. According to the prosecutor, the case seems clear cut: a sexual encounter between two men went wrong. The defendant stabbed his victim 26 times, but claims he acted in self-defense, killing a man who was attempting to rape him. Burnett opens with a detailed des
4、cription of the crime. He then introduces the characters and walks readers through the 10-day trial. You hear the testimony of witnesses dressed in strange clothes and find yourself put off by a growling prosecutor and the judge“s indifference. Once retreated in the jury room, confusion reigns. Most
5、 jurors don“t understand the charges or the meaning of self-defense. Uninterested jurors seem more concerned about missing appointments. On the third day, one juror runs to a bathroom in tears after exchanging curses. By the final day, nearly everyone cries. Though he“s no more familiar with the law
6、 than the other jurors, who include a vacuum-cleaner repairman and a software developer, it“s fitting that Burnett is a teacher. For us, he serves as a patient instructor, illustrating with his experience just what a remarkable and sometimes remarkably strange duty serving on a jury can be. For many
7、 citizens, jury duty is their first exposure to our justice system. Jurors discover first hand the gap between law and justice. They face two flawed versions of the same event, offered by witnesses they may not believe. We assume jurors will take their job seriously. We expect them to digest complic
8、ated definitions that leave lawyers confused. But as Burnett quickly discovers, jurors receive little help. The judge offers them no guidance about how to conduct themselves and races through his delivery of the murder charges. Only within the past decade have we finally abandoned the misconception
9、that jurors naturally reach the right decision without any assistance. Led by Arizona, states have instituted jury reforms as simple as letting jurors take notes or obtain written copies of their instructions. It“s not clear whether these changes improve the quality of justice, but the reforms certa
10、inly ensure that jurors leave their tour of duty with better feelings about the experience. Unfortunately, such reforms hadn“t come yet to New York at the time of this trial. Nonetheless, Burnett and his fellow jurors grope toward their own solution, ultimately reaching what he describes as an “avow
11、edly imperfect“ result.（分数：20.00）(1).The focal point of “A Trial by Jury“ seems to be on _（分数：4.00）A.the presentation of a series of measures aimed to reform the jury systemB.the description of the writer“s experience on a typical juryC.the reporting of a special lawsuit and the comment on itD.the i
12、ntroduction of the American jury system and its weaknesses(2).The point the author intends to make by employing the analogy in the first paragraph is that _（分数：4.00）A.students should never be taken by surpriseB.jurors are not qualified for reaching a verdictC.jurors often make mistakes in their deci
13、sionD.the jury system can not do justice to the accused(3).The description of what happened inside the jury room seems to suggest that _（分数：4.00）A.better-educated people should be selected as jurorsB.jurors should keep their heads cool and try not to be sentimentalC.there is much room for reaching a
14、n arbitrary and flawed verdictD.the judge should have given the jurors clear instruction about what to do(4).The average people used to take it for granted that _（分数：4.00）A.no jury could make a perfect decisionB.jurors were worse in legal knowledge than lawyersC.jurors believed in neither of the sto
15、ries told by the two parties in lawsuitD.jurors had enough qualities to be trusted with a fair verdict(5).The objective of the jury reforms is to _（分数：4.00）A.improve the quality of justiceB.give jurors reassuring feelings about the experience in courtC.help jurors to reach an avowedly perfect verdic
16、tD.enable jurors to abandon some misconceptions about law and justice四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Mr Mitsuyasu Ota, the Mayor of Hirate, in western Japan, made this week“s news columns after imposing a one-day-a-week ban on the use of computer equipment in the town“s municipal offices. The step was taken
17、 on the grounds that young staff “mistakenly think they are working“ when sitting attentively at their computer screens. At the same time, Mr Ota lamented that “young people are not in the habit of writing by hand any more“. One of the favourite arguments brought out by the opposition in technology
18、wars is the notion that a technical short cut is simultaneously a kind of mental impoverishment, and that the man with the pen will think and write more effectively than the man with the Compaq. Leaving aside the question of whether advanced technology makes you think less dynamically, the idea that
19、 there should be recognisable stylistic discrepancies between the work of pen-pushers and key-tappers shouldn“t in the least surprise us. Historically, literary styles have always borne a strong relationship to the available technology. The quill pen, most obviously, allowed its owner only a certain
20、 number of words between refills, thereby encouraging all those lengthy Gibbonian sentences crammed with subordinate clauses. The fountain penwhich allowed you to write as many words as you wantedand the manual typewriter created further revolutions. It is not particularly far-fetched, for example,
21、to suggest that the elliptical prose of early-20th-century Modernist masters such as Hemingway derives in part from its having been typed, rather than written down. But what about the computer screen? What effect does that have on the elemental patterns by which the writer downloads the words in his
22、 or her head? Without wanting to sound like Mayor Ota, I suspect that to a certain kind of writer it is as much a hindrance as a help. A single glance at the average bookshop will demonstrate that novels are getting longer. There are excellent aesthetic reasons for that, of course, but there is also
23、 a technical explanation. Which is to say that computers allow you to write more words and to write them more quickly, without the restraint of having to alter everything by hand and then rewrite. Every so often, as a reviewer, one stumbles with a sinking heart across one of these enormous wordy aff
24、airs, which, however assiduous the attentions of its editor, betrays its origin as a screen-aided mental show-off. Perhaps, like the municipal employees of Mayor Ota“s Hirate, we should all try banning computers one day a week.（分数：20.00）(1).The author“s attitude towards Mayor Ota“s one-day-a-week ba
25、n on computer use is one of _（分数：4.00）A.acknowledgementB.oppositionC.neutralityD.enthusiasm(2).Which of the following statements does the author support?（分数：4.00）A.Frequent use of computer leads to mental impoverishment.B.Computer users think less effectively than pen users.C.There are stylistic dif
26、ferences between pen and computer users.D.Frequent computer users have trouble concentrating on what they do.(3).The availability of ever improved writing instrument _（分数：4.00）A.makes sentences lengthier and lengthierB.renders prose pleasanter to readC.gives a writer more freedom in expressionD.make
27、s writing shorter and more compact(4).In what way is the computer a hindrance to a writer?（分数：4.00）A.A writer may run his writing long just for a mental show-off.B.A writer is less willing to rewrite his novel to make it better.C.Ideas are put into words before they are made clearer in the mind.D.Th
28、e computer allows a writer to write quickly without careful choice of words.(5).The word “assiduous“ in the last paragraph probably means _（分数：4.00）A.cautiousB.intentionalC.consciousD.purposeless五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The evolution of the social sciences has reached a crucial point that might be ca
29、lled a phase change in which old, atomistic, and impressionistic ways of doing research are superseded by a far more systematic and united methodology. To bring social science to the level of rigor already achieved by some of the physical sciences, a new type Of facility will be needed. This will be
30、 a transdisciplinary, Internet-based collaborative endeavour that will provide social and behavioral scientists with the databases, software and hardware tools, and other resources to conduct worldwide research that integrates experimental, survey, geographic, and economic methodologies on a much la
31、rger scale than was possible previously. This facility will enable advanced research and professional education in economics, sociology, psychology, political science, social geography, and related fields. In many branches of social science, a new emphasis on the rigor of formal laboratory experimen
32、tation has driven researchers to develop procedure and software to conduct online interaction experiment using computer terminals attached to local area networks. The opportunity to open these laboratories to the Internet will reduce the cost per research participant and increase greatly the number
33、of institutions, researchers, students, and research participants who can take part. The scale of social science experimentation can increase by an order of magnitude or more, examining a much wider range of phenomena and ensuring great confidence in results through multiple replication of crucial s
34、tudies. Technology for administering questionnaires to very large numbers of respondents over the Internet will revolutionize survey research. Data from past questionnaire surveys can be the springboard for new surveys with vastly larger numbers of respondents at lower cost than by traditional metho
35、ds. Integrated research studies can combine modules using both questionnaire and experimental methods. Results can be linked via geographic analysis to other sources of data including census information, economic statistics, and data from other experiments and surveys. Longitudinal studies will cond
36、uct time-series comparisons across data sets to chart social and economic trends. Each new study will be designed so that the data automatically and instantly become part of the archives, and scientific publications will be linked to the data sets on which they are based so that the network becomes
37、a universal knowledge system.（分数：20.00）(1).A “phase change“ (in the first paragraph) is one in which _（分数：4.00）A.an old period ends and a new period beginsB.a gradual invisible transition takes placeC.fragments are united into a wholeD.social science comes to be united with physical sciences(2).It i
38、s implied in the first paragraph that _（分数：4.00）A.physical and social sciences do not differ in methodologyB.social science lags far behind physical science in methodologyC.social science has achieved little due to its limited dataD.the Internet can never advance scientific research unless it is pro
39、perly used(3).Why do researchers begin to show interest in online interaction experiment?（分数：4.00）A.To reduce the cost per research participant.B.To upgrade the level of rigor of research in social science.C.To conduct worldwide research that was unfeasible before.D.To take full advantage of achieve
40、ments made by physical science.(4).The greatest advantage with the Internet-based collaborative endeavour may lie in _（分数：4.00）A.the greater cost reduction and availability data in researchB.its promptness in putting research results into practiceC.its capability to reexamine the validity of traditi
41、onal researchD.its potentiality in integrating social science into physical science(5).All of the following are defects with traditional questionnaires EXCEPT _（分数：4.00）A.a restricted range of investigationB.greater cost in administering themC.lack of precision compared with experimentsD.difficulty
42、in being confirmed by other kinds of research六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Scientists had until very recently believed that there were around 100,000 human genes, available to make each and every one of us in our splendid diversity. Now, the two rival teams decoding the book of life, have each found that
43、instead there are only somewhere between 30,000 and 40,000 genes. So that grand panjandrum, the human, may not manage to boast twice as many genes as that microscopic nowhere-worm, with its 18,000 genes, the nematode. Even the fruit fly, considered so negligible that even the most extreme of animal
44、rights activists don“t kick up a fuss about its extensive use in genetic experimentation, has 16,000 genes. Not for the first time it has to be admitted that it“s a funny old world, and that we humans are the beings who make it such. Without understanding in the least what the scientific implication
45、s of this discovery might be, anybody with the smallest curiosity about peopleand that“s pretty much all of uscan see that it is pretty significant. The most obvious conclusion to be drawn from the limited number of genes available to programme a human is that biological determination goes so far an
46、d no further. Human complexity, on this information, can be best explained in the manner it looks to be best explained before scientific evidence becomes involved at all. In other words, in the nature versus nurture debate, the answer, thankfully, is “both“. Why is this so important? Because it shou
47、ld mean that we can accept one another“s differences more easily, and help each other when appropriate. Nurture does have a huge part to play in human destiny. Love can transform humans. Trust can make a difference. Second chances are worth trying. Life, to a far greater extent than science thought
48、up until now, is what we make it. One day we may know exactly what we can alter and what we cannot. Knowing that there is a great deal that we can alter or improve, as well as a great deal that we must accept and value for its own sake, makes the human journey progressive rather than deterministic,
49、complex and open, rather than simple and unchangeable. For no one can suggest that 30,000 genes don“t give the human race much room for manoeuvre. Look how many tunes, after all, we“re able to squeeze out of eight notes. But it surely must give the lie to the rather sinister belief that has been gaining credence in the West that there is a hard-wired, no-prisoners-taken, gene for absolutely everything, and that whole sections of the population can be labelled as “stupid“ or “lazy“ or “criminal“ or somehow or other sub-human. Inste
