1、考研英语(二)分类真题 20 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Massive changes in all of the world“s deeply cherished sporting habits are underway. Whether it“s one of London“s parks full of people playing softball, and Russians taking u
2、p rugby, or the Superbowl rivaling the British Football Cup Final as a televised spectator event in Britain, the patterns of players and spectators are changing beyond recognition. We are witnessing a globalization of our sporting culture. That annual bicycle race, the Tour de France, much loved by
3、the French is a good case in point. Just a few years back it was a strictly continental affair with France, Belgium and Holland, Spain and Italy taking part. But in recent years it has been dominated by Colombian mountain climbers, and American and Irish riders. The people who really matter welcome
4、the shift toward globalization. Peugeot, Michelin and Panasonic are multi-national corporations that want worldwide returns for the millions they invest in teams. So it does them literally a world of good to see this unofficial world championship become just that. This is undoubtedly an economic-bas
5、ed revolution we are witnessing here, one made possible by communications technology, but made to happen because of marketing considerations. Sell the game and you can sell Coca Cola or Budweiser as well. The skilful way in which American football has been sold to Europe is a good example of how all
6、 sports will develop. The aim of course is not really to spread the sport for its own sake, but to increase the number of people interested in the major money-making events. The economics of the Superbowl are already astronomical. With seats at US $125, gate receipts alone were a staggering $10,000,
7、000. The most important statistic of the day, however, was the $100,000,000 in TV advertising fees. Imagine how much that becomes when the eyes of the world are watching. So it came as a terrible shock, but not really as a surprise, to learn that some people are now suggesting that soccer change fro
8、m being a game of two 45-minute halves, to one of four 25-minute quarters. The idea is unashamedly to capture more advertising revenue, without giving any thought for the integrity of a sport which relies for its essence on the flowing nature of the action. Moreover, as sports expand into world mark
9、ets, and as our choice of sports as consumers also grows, so we will demand to see them played at a higher and higher level. In boxing we have already seen numerous, dubious world title categories because people will not pay to see anything less than a “World Title“ fight, and this means that the. t
10、itle fights have to be held in different countries around the world!（分数：20.00）(1).Globalization of sporting culture means that _（分数：4.00）A.more people are taking up sportsB.traditional sports are getting popularC.many local sports are becoming internationalD.foreigners are more interested in local s
11、ports(2).Which of the following is NOT related to the massive changes?（分数：4.00）A.Good economic returns.B.Revival of traditional games.C.Communications technology.D.Marketing strategies.(3).As is used in the passage, “globalization“ comes closest in meaning to _（分数：4.00）A.commercializationB.populariz
12、ationC.speculationD.standardization(4).What is the author“s attitude towards the suggestion to change soccer into one of four 25-minute quarters?（分数：4.00）A.Favorable.B.Unclear.C.Reserved.D.Critical.(5).People want to see higher-level sports competitions mainly because _（分数：4.00）A.they become more pr
13、ofessional than everB.they regard sports as consumer goodsC.there exist few world-class championshipsD.sports events are exciting and stimulating四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Introspection is kind of a drag. It requires unpleasant acts like “thinking“ and “talking about emotions,“ and it can rarely be don
14、e while watching TV. But like it or not, more and more workers are taking time to reflect on what they do for a living, seeking jobs that aren“t just a means to a paycheck but the fulfilment of some form of calling. Can this supposedly enlightening feeling that your career is “a calling“ be a bad th
15、ing? Teresa Cardador, an assistant professor in the school of labor and employment relations at the University of Illinois recently co-authored a paper in the Journal of Career Assessment that reviewed research on people who find meaning and a sense of purpose in their work. “There has become this i
16、dealized notion of work,“ Cardador said. “A lot of books and stories in the popular press capture this idea of an idealized orientation toward work. But there“s increasing evidence that suggests that despite the perceived desirability, it“s not always beneficial.“ In a nutshell, what Cardador found
17、is that people who view their work as a calling can get too wrapped up in the job, to the point where it becomes counterproductive. Some people burn outit“s called “the fall from the call.“ Sometimes the person with the calling believes he or she is the only one qualified to handle the work, and tha
18、t can cause strained relationships with co-workers. Also, the intense focus on work can be depleting, leaving a worker without enough energy to maintain good relationships outside the office. However, “callings can be healthy when individuals inspire and connect with others at work,“ Cardador said.
19、Between constantly evolving technology and downsizing that requires more of individual workers, it“s critical that a worker accept the fact that her or his job tasks may not always be the same. We have to be flexible nowadays, even if certain tasks don“t fit our idealized vision of the job. The stud
20、y said. “People with rigid work identities have a single way of viewing who they are and what they do at work and are unwilling or unable to bend this image to fit with the reality of their work situation. In so doing, they are less able to account for the needs and interests of others in the workpl
21、ace.“ Just because you feel passionate about what you do doesn“t mean you can“t do other things that contribute to the greater good of your organization. You have to step back and examine how you“re handling your work, making sure, in the simplest of terms, that you“re not unwittingly being a selfis
22、h jerk. After all, we work, predominantly, because there are no money trees to harvest. The hope is that our labor lets us build the lives we want. If that comes with a feeling of fulfillment, fantastic.（分数：20.00）(1).A “calling“ is different from a job in that it _（分数：4.00）A.gives the worker a sense
23、 of fulfillmentB.involves relationship with co-workersC.gives enlightenment to the worker himselfD.requires more flexibility in handling tasks(2).Cardador and her co-author find that treating a job as calling _（分数：4.00）A.enables workers to find meaning and purpose in their workB.has the bad effect o
24、f letting workers idealize their workC.makes many workers less productive on their jobsD.gives more flexibility to workers in handling their work(3).The writer seems to imply there is a direct connection between calling and _（分数：4.00）A.flexibilityB.downsizingC.rigidityD.identity(4).In the last parag
25、raph the readers are advised to _（分数：4.00）A.treat their jobs as callingsB.give up the idea of work as a callingC.constantly reflect on their jobsD.keep a balance between work and life(5).Callings can be beneficial when _（分数：4.00）A.they become sources of inspiration and cooperationB.they leave worker
26、s concentrated on their workC.they are changed constantly during lifetimeD.they become the idealized notions of jobs五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may seem innocuousso much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one
27、action can set in motion a cascade of silent events, as that data point is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and over again. Future attacks on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you surrendered. If you doubt the multiplier ef
28、fect, consider your e-mail inbox. If it“s loaded with spam, it“s undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your e-mail to the wrong Web site. Do you think your telephone number or address is handled differently? A cottage industry of small companies with names you“ve prob
29、ably never heard oflike Acxiom or Merlinbuy and sell your personal information the way other commodities like corn or cattle futures are bartered. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if you“ve ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data brokers that advert
30、ises sale of unlisted phone numbers compiled from various sourcesincluding pizza delivery companies. These unintended, unpredictable consequences that flow from simple actions make privacy issues difficult to grasp, and grapple with. In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of “Big Br
31、other“ the government is watching you or a big corporation is watching you. But privacy issues don“t necessarily involve large faceless institutions. A spouse takes a casual glance at her husband“s Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text me
32、ssage from the next seat on the bus. While very little of this is news to anyonepeople are now well aware there are video cameras and Internet cookies everywherethere is abundant evidence that people live their lives ignorant of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People write e-ma
33、ils and type instant messages they never expect anyone to see. Just ask Mark Foley or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails were a cornerstone of the Justice Department“s antitrust case against Microsoft. And polls and studies have repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy concerns. The ge
34、neral defense for such indifference is summed up a single phrase. “I have nothing to hide.“ If you have nothing to hide, why shouldn“t the government be able to peek at your phone records, your wife see your e-mail or a company send you junk mail? It“s a powerful argument, one that privacy advocates
35、 spend considerable time discussing and strategizing over. It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when they“re being watched. And it is also impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more than at any time in history.（分数：20.00）(1).The email example shows _（分数：4.00）A.e
36、mail has become the predominant means of communicationB.careless surrendering of personal information can be harmfulC.the communication via email is replacing that via telephoneD.email will become an area for potential attacks on privacy(2).Companies like Acxiom or Merlin _（分数：4.00）A.make a profit b
37、y acquiring and selling personal informationB.compile telephone directories for local business transactionC.are law firms specializing in dealing with privacy issuesD.are agencies whose major mission is to protect privacy(3).We can infer from the third paragraph that _（分数：4.00）A.cases of intrusion o
38、n privacy are the most serious in large institutionsB.people are now clearly aware how their privacy can be invadedC.the Justice Department has done nothing about privacy issues so farD.Bill Gates“ email messages have been used against him in his lawsuit(4).To the popular saying “I have nothing to h
39、ide“, the author“s response is one of _（分数：4.00）A.admirationB.contemptC.disapprovalD.puzzlement(5).What advice might the author give to the ordinary people ?（分数：4.00）A.Never leave your telephone number anywhere.B.Raise your awareness of self-protection.C.Use your cell phone and email wisely.D.Don“t
40、respond too readily to telephone messages.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The richest man in America stepped to the podium and declared war on the nation“s school systems. High schools had become “obsolete“ and were “limitingeven ruiningthe lives of millions of Americans every year.“ The situation had becom
41、e “almost shameful.“ Bill Gates, prep-school grad and college dropout, had come before the National Governors Association seeking converts to his plan to do something about ita plan he would back with $2 billion of his own cash. Gates“s speech, in February 2005, was a signature moment in what has be
42、come a decade-long campaign to improve test scores and graduation rates, waged by a loose alliance of wealthy CEOs who arrived with no particular background in education policya fact that has led critics to dismiss them as “the billionaire boys“ club.“ Their bets on poor urban schools have been as b
43、ig as their egos and their bank accounts. Has this big money made the big impact that theyas well as teachers, administrators, parents, and studentshoped for? The results, though mixed, are dispiriting proof that money alone can“t repair the desperate state of urban education. For all the millions s
44、pent on reforms, nine of the 10 school districts studied substantially trailed their state“s proficiency and graduation ratesoften by 10 points or more. That“s not to say that the urban districts didn“t make gains. The good news is many did improve and at a rate faster than their states“ 60 percent
45、of the timeproof that the billionaires made some solid bets. But those spikes up weren“t enough to erase the deep gulf between poor, inner-city schools, where the big givers focused, and their suburban and rural counterparts. The confidence that marked Gates“s landmark speech to the governors“ assoc
46、iation in 2005 has given way to humility. The billionaires have not retreated. But they have improved their approach, and learned a valuable lesson about their limitations. “It“s so hard in this country to spread good practice. When we started funding, we hoped it would spread more readily,“ acknowl
47、edges Vicki Phillips, the director of K-12 education at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. “What we learned is that the only things that spread well in school are kids“ viruses.“ The business titans entered the education arena convinced that America“s schools would benefit greatly from the tools o
48、f the boardroom. They sought to boost incentives for improving performance, deploy new technologies, and back innovators willing to shatter old orthodoxies. They pressed to close schools that were failing, and sought to launch new, smaller ones. They sent principals to boot camp. Battling the long-t
49、erm worry that the best and brightest passed up the classroom for more lucrative professions, they opened their checkbooks to boost teacher pay. It was an impressive amount of industry. And in some places, it has worked outbut with unanticipated complications.（分数：20.00）(1).Bill Gates believes that the high school systems _（分数：4.00）A.have failed to develop proper education programs for studentsB.are running well except that they need enormous investmentsC.have not made students academically ready for college educa
