1、考研英语(二)分类真题 14 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：20.00)The State of North Carolina is set to execute a man for two murders he may not have committed. Had a jury heard all of the evidence in David Junior Brown“s case, he likely wo
2、uld not be contemplating death by lethal injection on November 19, 1999. The deaths of Shelly Diane Chalflinch and her daughter, Christine, surely deserve justice, but justice is not served by the execution of a man whom prosecutors cheated of the opportunity to prove his innocence. Concerned citize
3、ns, international human rights organizations, and religious leaders throughout the state are calling on Governor Jim Hunt to grant clemency. Brown was arrested in Pinehurst, N.C., on August 28, 1980, after the medical examiner found Brown“s ring in Ms. Chalflinch“s body. After the sensational discov
4、ery of the ring, law enforcement authorities effectively ended their investigation, ignoring or not pursuing evidence and leads that raise serious doubts about Brown“s guilt. Those doubts cry out for Governor Hunt, who has never granted clemency to a death row inmate, to do so in Brown“s case. The U
5、S Supreme Court has identified the Governor“s clemency power as an important safeguard for innocent persons condemned to death who for procedural reasons might be beyond the reach of the Court“s ability to protect. The Court writes, “Clemency is deeply rooted in our Anglo-American tradition of law,
6、and is the historic remedy for preventing miscarriages of justice where judicial process has been exhausted. “ The criminal justice system and the clemency process are not perfect: two credible researchers, Hugo Adam Bedau and Michael L. Radelet, have identified at least 23 innocent people who were
7、executed in the US in this century. The Governor should also consider the role racism played in Brown“s prosecution. Brown is African American; his jury was all white. In February 1999, nearly 20 years since the trial, the state was ordered to turn over all of its files. In the state“s files was a t
8、rial note, written by an assistant district attorney prosecuting the case, reerring to “two nigger hairs“. At 8:30 a. m. Tuesday, August 26, 1980, the bodies of Ms. Chalflinch and her 9-year-old daughter, who had been stabbed repeatedly, were discovered, and two days later Brown was arrested. The ju
9、ry never heard evidence that raises not only serious questions about the prosecution“s theory of the murder, but evidence that in some cases directly contradicts it. It is impossible to dispute the assertion that Brown did not receive a fair trial. It is also certain that there are grave doubts abou
10、t his guilt. The murders of Diane and Christine Chalflinch were horrific and incomprehensible. The execution of an innocent man, in an attempt to acknowledge their family“s and society“s devastation and fear, would only compound the horror.（分数：20.00）(1).According to the passage, the chief mistake ma
11、de in the conviction of Brown was that _（分数：4.00）A.the ring in the victim“s body was wrongly identifiedB.the jury did not pursue evidence in favor of Brown“s caseC.the jury ignored the Governor“s clemency powerD.Brown“s attorney failed to convince the jury of Brown“s innocence(2).Governor Hunt tende
12、d to believe that _（分数：4.00）A.Brown was arrested for a good reasonB.Brown was not guilty of the murder he was charged withC.granting clemency was too late in Brown“s caseD.racism played a misleading role in Brown“s prosecution(3).From the fourth paragraph, it is clear that the US Supreme Court _（分数：
13、4.00）A.should take full responsibility for Brown“s mistaken convictionB.complains that the Governor sometimes has too much powerC.thinks clemency a desirable means for correcting wrong court decisionsD.admits that innocent people are often wrongly charged at local courts(4).The word “compound“ in th
14、e last sentence of the passage might mean _（分数：4.00）A.intensifyB.pacifyC.initiateD.eliminate(5).What is the tone of the author“s conclusion?（分数：4.00）A.Regret.B.Satisfaction.C.Suspicion.D.Indifference.四、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：20.00)About 1,400 college students die and about 500,000 are injured each year in
15、accidents related to alcohol use, according to the first comprehensive estimates of the toll of heavy drinking on campuses. The impact of alcohol is not limited to students who drink. More than 600,000 college students are assaulted annually by another student who has been drinking, and more than 70
16、,000 are victims of alcohol-associated sexual assaults, according to the study, whose findings were released yesterday along with the report of a government task force on college drinking. The estimates are for students between the ages of 18 and 24. Although deaths of individual college students fr
17、om acute alcohol intoxication or injuries have received widespread media attention in recent years, experts said the new national estimates show that the consequences of heavy drinking by students are greater than previously realized. Among the nation“s 8 million college students, about 4 out of 5 d
18、rink alcohol. Americans between the ages of 18 and 24 have the highest rates of periodic, heavy drinking of any age group, and college students drink more heavily than people of similar age who are not in school. The researchers calculated that there are approximately 1,100 alcohol-related motor veh
19、icle crash deaths and approximately 300 alcohol-related fatal injuries among college students annually. The estimates do not include homicides and suicides. To estimate the frequency of health problems and high-risk behaviors associated with drinking, the team used data from national student surveys
20、 and extrapolated them to the college population. For example, in a 1999 government survey of almost 7,000 college students, about 27 percent reported that they had driven under the influence of alcohol in the preceding yearwhich amounts to about 2.1 million students nationally each year. About 3.1
21、million students annually ride with such drivers. For students, the highest-risk time for alcohol-related injuries, assaults, sexual assaults and other consequences of heavy drinking “is in the first year of college, maybe in the first weeks“, said Mark. S. Goldman, a professor of psychology at the
22、University of South Florida and the task force“s other co-chairman. The task force concluded that most efforts by colleges to reduce high-risk drinking have failed, in part because they have focused on individuals rather than on the entire community and because few programs designed to reduce drinki
23、ng have been scientifically tested in college settings. The report found that several programs combining alcohol education, behavioral skills training and motivational enhancement have reduced drinking among high-risk students. Community strategies, such as increased enforcement of minimum-drinking-
24、age laws, restricting the number of local alcohol licenses issued, and raising prices and taxes on alcoholic beverages, have been successfully tested in other settings and might also be effective. Other measures, such as instituting tougher penalties for breaking campus rules on drinking, establishi
25、ng alcohol-free dormitories, eliminating alcohol at sports events and conducting campaigns to change students“ opinions about how much other students drink, are theoretically promising but have not been scientifically evaluated.（分数：20.00）(1).Which of the following statistics is NOT mentioned about a
26、lcoholic drinking?（分数：4.00）A.The number of students involved in alcohol-related accidents annually.B.The number of students attacked by drinking students annually.C.The number of students victimized by sexual assaults annually.D.The age of the students who are involved in the study.(2).The word “int
27、oxication“ in the first sentence of the second paragraph probably means _（分数：4.00）A.drunkennessB.deathC.accidentD.consumption(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the total number of college students in the United States in 1999 was around _（分数：4.00）A.2.1 millionB.7.8 millionC.3.1 millionD.5.
28、2 million(4).The measures for reducing drinking have proved ineffective because they _（分数：4.00）A.are wrongly targetedB.are not strict enoughC.are not scientifically implementedD.are applied only to high risk drinking(5).From the last paragraph we conclude that the effective reduction of alcohol-rela
29、ted accidents _（分数：4.00）A.can only be achieved on a scientific basisB.ultimately depends on comprehensive controlC.is best achieved through stricter legal measuresD.can never come about without internal restraints五、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Community courts and community justice prevailed in England at
30、the time of the Norman Conquest. The legal system was ritualistic, dependent upon oaths at most stages of lawsuit. The proceedings were oral, very personal, and highly confrontative. Juries were unknown. One party publicly “appealed“, or accused, the other before the community meeting at which the p
31、resence of both was obligatory. To be absent meant risking fines and outlawry. After the preliminary statements of the parties, the court rendered judgment, not on the merits ot7 the issue nor the question of guilt or innocence, but on the manner by which it should be resolved. Judgment, in other wo
32、rds, preceded trial because it was a decision on what form the trial should take. It might be by ordeal, or, after the Norman Conquest, by battle. Excepting trial by battle, only one party was tried or, more accurately, was put to his “proof“. Proof being regarded as an advantage, it was usually awa
33、rded to the accused party; in effect he had the privilege of proving his own case. Ordeals were usually reserved for more serious crimes, for persons of bad reputation, for peasants, or for those caught with stolen goods. The accused underwent a physical trial in which he called upon God to witness
34、his innocence by putting a miraculous sign upon his body. Cold water, boiling water, and hot iron were the principal ordeals, all of which the clergy administered. In the ordeal of cold water, the accused was trussed up and cast into a pool to see whether he would sink or float. On the theory that w
35、ater which had been sanctified by a priest would receive an innocent person but reject the guilty, innocence was proved by sinking and guilt by floating. In the other ordeals, one had to plunge his hand into a cauldron of boiling water or carry a red hot piece of iron for a certain distance, in the
36、hope that three days later, when the bandages were removed, the priest would find a “clean“ wound, one that was healing free of infection. How deeply one plunged his arm into the water, how heavy the iron or great the distance it was carried, depended mainly on the gravity of the charge. The Normans
37、 brought to England still another ordeal, trial by battle. Trial by battle was a savage yet sacred method of proof which was also thought to involve divine judgment on behalf of the righteous. Rather than let a wrongdoer triumph, God would presumably strengthen the arms of the party who had sworn tr
38、uly to the justice of his cause. Right, not might, would therefore conquer. Trial by battle was originally available for the settlement of all disputes but eventually was restricted to cases of serious crime.（分数：20.00）(1).Being “put to his proof“ most nearly means the person was _（分数：4.00）A.consider
39、ed innocent until proven guiltyB.considered guilty no matter what he didC.supposed to prove his own innocenceD.given the privilege of presenting his side first(2).In a trial by ordeal, innocence could be proven by _（分数：4.00）A.displaying an uninfected woundB.floating when cast into waterC.wearing ban
40、dages for three daysD.swearing an oath in a precise form(3).The forms of trial discussed in the text all assume that truth is best determined by _（分数：4.00）A.carefully questioning witnessesB.carefully assessing physical evidenceC.an adversary proceeding or battleD.relying on the assistance of God(4).
41、It is implied that the trials discussed in the text used judges to _（分数：4.00）A.decide what form the trial should takeB.determine whether to use criminal or civil procedureC.determine which of the witnesses was telling the truthD.determine the guilt or innocence of the parties(5).How did trial by bat
42、tle differ from trial by ordeal in England?（分数：4.00）A.It had a definite, known accuser.B.It was only used after the Norman Conquest.C.It had no secrecy in the proceedings.D.It required judges to question witnesses.六、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：20.00)Discussion of the assimilation of Puerto Ricans in the United
43、States has focused on two factors: social standing and the loss of national culture. In general, excessive stress is placed on one factor or the other, depending on whether the commentator is North American or Puerto Rican. Many North American social scientists, such as Oscar Handlin, Joseph Fitzpat
44、rick, and Oscar Lewis, consider Puerto Ricans as the most recent in a long line of ethnic entrants to occupy the lowest rung on the social ladder. Such a “sociodemographic“ approach tends to regard assimilation as a benign process, taking for granted increased economic advantage and inevitable cultu
45、ral integration, in a supposedly egalitarian context. However, this approach fails to take into account the colonial nature of the Puerto Rican case, with this group, unlike their European predecessors, coming from a nation politically subordinated to the United States. Even the “radical“ critiques
46、of this mainstream research model, such as the critique developed in Divided Society, attach the issue of ethnic assimilation too mechanically to factors of economic and social mobility and are thus unable to illuminate the cultural subordination of Puerto Ricans as a colonial minority. In contrast,
47、 the “colonialist“ approach of island-based writers, such as Eduardo Seda Bonilla, Manuel Maldonado Denis, and Luis Nieves Falcon, tends to view assimilation as the forced loss of national culture in an unequal contest with imposed foreign values. There is, of course, a strong tradition of cultural
48、accommodation among other Puerto Rican thinkers. The writings of Eugenio Fernandez Mendez clearly exemplify this tradition, and many supporters of Puerto Rico“s commonwealth status share the same universalizing orientation. But the Puerto Rican intellectuals who have written most about the assimilat
49、ion process in the United States all advance cultural nationalist views, advocating the preservation of minority cultural distinctions and rejecting what they see as the subjugation of colonial nationalities. This cultural and political emphasis is appropriate, but the colonialist thinkers misdirect it, overlooking the class relations at work in both Puerto Rican and North American history. They pose the clash of national cultures as an absolute polarity, with each culture understood as static and undifferentiated. Yet both the Puer
