1、考研英语-180 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、BSection Use o(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Capital City and Smithsville are two fairly large towns in the midwest near Chicago. Neither is as well known as Chicago. U(1) /U the inhabitants of both are equally proud of their U(2) /U hometown.People in Capital City love its qu
2、iet narrow U(3) /U streets and its many small neighborhood parks, the boast U(4) /U their hometown has no ugly slums, a low rate U(5) /U crime, and very little heavy traffic. Because it is the seat of the state legislature, Capital City has many stately old buildings U(6) /U the lawyers club in the
3、park by the lake, and the country museum U(7) /U its pioneer farm exhibits.Smithsville, U(8) /U,is a bustling, thriving, industrial center. It too has a lake, but U(9) /U that of Capital City, its lake is the center of the citys industrial development. U(10) /U trees and park benches, Smithsvilles l
4、ake is surrounded by factories and smoking chimneys. Smithsville is also U(11) /U its quieter neighbour in its style of U(12) /U. The tall modern office buildings downtown, the new shopping center in the suburbs, and the wide crowded streets seem U(13) /U to Smithsvilles residents than the old-fashi
5、oned neighbourhoods U(14) /U.When people from the more rural city U(15) /U from a visit to Smithsville, they always say, “Im glad to be home again. That lake makes me U(16) /U. Its a fine place to visit, U(17) /U I wouldnt want to live U(18) /U.“ U(19) /U a visit to Capital City, citizens of Smithsv
6、ille say U(20) /U the same.（分数：10.00）A.ButB.AndC.ThusD.ThereforeA.relativeB.respectableC.reliableD.respectiveA.tree-linedB.trees-liningC.trees-linesD.tree-liningA.aboutB.howC.thatD.ofA.inB.asC.atD.ofA.so thatB.so asC.such asD.such thatA.withB.inC.byD.besideA.on the other handB.as usualC.for exampleD
7、.in the caseA.alikeB.unlikeC.likeD.asA.BesidesB.Taken into accountC.Instead ofD.As forA.the same asB.different fromC.the same toD.different aboutA.architectureB.lifeC.pleasureD.peopleA.less attractiveB.much attractiveC.as attractiveD.more attractiveA.they live inB.they took placeC.it took placeD.the
8、y replacedA.goB.returnC.turnD.travelA.disappointedB.nervousC.satisfiedD.unpleasantA.soB.as a resultC.butD.in a wordA.itB.thatC.hereD.thereA.WhenB.AfterC.BeforeD.UntilA.exactlyB.hardlyC.properlyD.leisurely二、BSection Readi(总题数：4，分数：40.00)BText 1/BNuclear fission is the splitting of the nucleus of an a
9、tom. Only a few elements are suitable for use in this way, the most important ones being Uranium-235, Uranium-233, and Plutonium-239. When a nucleus of one of these elements is struck by a free neutron it breaks down into two lighter nuclei which fly apart at high speed, colliding with surrounding a
10、toms. Their kinetic energy is converted into heat energy. At the same time, two or three free neutrons are released and one of them enters the nucleus of a neighbouring atom, causing fission to occur again; and so on. The reaction spreads very quickly, with more and more heat energy released. This i
11、s called a “chain“ reaction because the splitting of each nucleus is linked to another, and another and another.If this reaction takes place in an atomic bomb, where nothing is done to slow it down, the result is a violent explosion that can destroy a town in a few seconds. Fission can also, however
12、, take place within a construction called a nuclear reactor, or atomic pile. Here the highly fissile material (U-235, U-233, Pu-239) is surrounded by a substance that is non-fissile, for instance graphite. This material is called a moderator. The neutrons lose some of their energy and speed through
13、colliding with the atoms of the moderator. Energyheat energyis still created on an enormous scale, but no expansion takes place. The moderator has another function: by slowing down the speed of the free neutrons, it makes it more likely that one of them will collide with the nucleus of a neighbourin
14、g atom to continue the chain reaction.The chief advantage of nuclear energy is that it does not depend on any local factors. A nuclear reactor, unlike an oil-well or a coalmine, does not have to be sited on top of a fossil-fuel source; unlike the solar energy unit, it does not have to go out of prod
15、uction when the sun is not shining; unlike hydro-electric power, it does not depend on a large flow of water which may be reduced during some seasons of the year. With an atomic power station, the only limiting factor is that of safety.In the opposite process, nuclear fusion, two nuclei come togethe
16、r, to form a new nucleus of a different kind and this process also releases energy on an enormous scale. Fusion can only occur under conditions of very great heatat least 50000000 degrees Celsius. (The temperature at the centre of the sun is estimated as 130000000 degrees Celsius.) A fusion reaction
17、 on earth has already been createdthe hydrogen bomb. This is an uncontrolled reaction. It is not yet possible to produce a controlled fusion reaction that can be used for the production of useful energy.Nuclear energy can be thought of as a kind of square, Three of the quarters of the square are kno
18、wn and used, but the fourth cannot yet be used.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following headings is that of Paragraph Two?（分数：2.00）A.Nuclear FusionB.The Nuclear Fission Chain ReactionC.Uncontrolled and Moderated Nuclear ReactionsD.The Advantages of Nuclear Energy(2).The aim of a nuclear reactor is _.（分数
19、：2.00）A.to establish a controlled chain reaction in low concentrations of fissile materialB.to absorb neutrons travelling at a particular speedC.to cause a rapid chain reaction in order to realease the greatest amount of energyD.to last the chain reaction forever(3).Destructive weapons can be obtain
20、ed from _.（分数：2.00）A.nuclear fusionB.nuclear fissionC.both nuclear fusion and nuclear fissionD.nuclear splitting(4).In nuclear fusion, two nuclei come together and _.（分数：2.00）A.form a new nucleusB.both splitC.give off free neutronsD.reduce energy(5).Which of the following statements is incorrect?（分数
21、：2.00）A.Few elements are suitable for use as atomic fuel.B.An atomic power station can supply the same quantity of energy all the year round.C.A hydro-electric power station can be built anywhere.D.Graphite is a non-fissile material.BText 2/BThe period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childh
22、ood and adulthood, may be long or short, depending on social expectations and on societys definition as to what constitutes maturity and adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time, while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education c
23、oupled with laws against child labor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade of ones life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood status may change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examp
24、les of this type of change are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modern society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic sig
25、nificance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Social ones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status. For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitute such a s
26、equence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition, the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of the individual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles, rights, privi
27、leges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to the twenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removed and adult privileges and responsibilities axe granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered a child and h
28、as to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individual at this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteen the adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing him with
29、more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a drivers license: he can leave public schools; and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the law provides adult responsibilities as well as rights: the young man can now be a soldier, but he also can marry withou
30、t parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his full legal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts, and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function of age after majorit
31、y status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what point adulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.（分数：10.00）(1).The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies because _.（分数：2.00）A.the definition of maturity has ch
32、angedB.the industrialized society is more developedC.more education is provided and laws against child labor are madeD.ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance(2).Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to _.（分数：2.00）A.gr
33、aduations from schools and collegesB.social recognitionC.socio-economic statusD.certain behavioral changes(3).No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is _.（分数：2.00）A.eleven years oldB.sixteen years oldC.twenty-one years oldD.between twelve and twenty-one years old(4).Start
34、ing from 22, _.（分数：2.00）A.one will obtain more basic rightsB.the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will haveC.one wont get more basic rights than when he is 21D.one will enjoy more rights granted by society(5).According to the passage, it is true that _.（分数：2.00）A.in the late 19th century
35、in the United States the dividing line between adolescence and adulthood no longer existedB.no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-oneC.one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a drivers licenseD.one is not free from the restrictions of child la
36、bor laws until he can join the armyBText 3/BCulture is the sum total of all the traditions, customs, beliefs, and ways of life of a given group of human beings. In this sense, every group has a culture, however savage, undeveloped, or uncivilized it may seem to us.To the professional anthropologist,
37、 there is no intrinsic superiority of one culture over another, just as to the professional linguist there is no intrinsic hierarchy among languages.People once thought of the languages of backward group as savage, undeveloped forms of speech, consisting largely of grunts and groans. While it is pos
38、sible that languages in general began as a series of grunts and groans. It is a fact established by the study of “backward“ languages that no spoken tongue answers that description today. Most languages of uncivilized groups are, by our most severe standards, extremely complex, delicate, and ingenio
39、us pieces of machinery for the transfer of ideas. They fall behind our Western languages not in their sound patterns or grammatical structures, which usually are fully adequate for all language needs, but only in their vocabularies, which reflect the objects and activities known to their speakers. E
40、ven in this department, however, two things are to be noted: 1. All languages seem to possess the machinery for vocabulary expansion, whether by putting together words already in existence or by borrowing them from other languages and adapting them to their own systems. 2. The objects and activities
41、 requiring names and distinctions for “backward“ languages, while different from ours, are often surprisingly numerous and complicated. A Western language distinguishes between what is close to the speaker, or to the person addressed, or removed from both, or out of sight, or in the past, or in the
42、future.This study of language, in turn, casts a new light upon the claim of the anthropologists that all cultures are to be viewed independently, and without ideas of rank or hierarchy.（分数：10.00）(1).The statement that “every group has a culture“ grows out of the authors _.（分数：2.00）A.definition of cu
43、ltureB.feeling about human beingsC.bias in regard to civilized humansD.philosophy(2).The languages of uncivilized groups as compared to Western languages are limited in _.（分数：2.00）A.sound patternsB.grammatical structuresC.vocabulariesD.both A and B(3).The article states that grunt-and-groan forms of
44、 speech are found _.（分数：2.00）A.nowhere todayB.among the Australian aboriginesC.among Eastern culturesD.among people speaking “backward“ languages(4).According to the author, languages, whether civilized or not, have _.（分数：2.00）A.the potential for expanding vocabularyB.their own sound patternsC.an ab
45、ility to transfer ideasD.grammatical structures(5).According to the article, some languages of American Indians are _.（分数：2.00）A.more advanced than Western languageB.uncivilizedC.backwardD.able to distinguish more than two degrees of remotenessBText 4/BFor anyone who is set on a career in fashion it
46、 is not enough to have succeeded in college. The real test is whether they can survive and become established during their early 20s, making a name for themselves in the real world where business skills can count for as much as flair and creativity .Fashion is a hard business. There is a continuous
47、amount of stress because work is at a constant breakneck speed to prepare for the next seasons collections. It is extremely competitive and there is the constant need to cultivate good coverage in newspapers and magazines. It also requires continual freshness because the appetite for new ideas is in
48、satiable (不能满足的). “We try to warn people before they come to us about how tough it is“ ,says Lydia Kemeny, the Head of Fashion at St. Martins School of Art in London, “and we point out that drive and determination are essential.“This may seem far removed from the popular image of trendy(时髦的)and dile
49、ttante(浅薄的) young people spending their time designing pretty dresses. That may well be what they do in their first year of study but a good college wont be slow in introducing students to commercial realities. “We dont stamp on the blossoming flower of creativity but in the second year we start introducing
