1、考研英语-348 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Regardless of their political affiliation, in all countries women must overcome a host of stumbling blocks that limit their political careers. “Most obstacles to progress consist of (1) of various kinds,“ says the Inter-Parliame
2、ntary Union (IPU), a Geneva-based organization (2) 139 parliaments, including the lack of time, training, information, self-confidence, money, support, motivation, womens networks and solidarity between women.In every culture, prejudice and stereotypes (3) hard. The belief still holds (4) that women
3、 belong in the kitchen and (5) the children, not at election (6) or in the Speakers chair. The media often reinforce traditional images of women, who, upon entering politics, also bear the brunt (正面冲击) of verbal and physical (7) .In impoverished (贫穷的) countries (8) by civil conflicts and deteriorati
4、ng economic and social conditions, women are (9) by the tasks of managing everyday life and looking after their families.The IPU stresses the general lack of child-care facilitiesoften (10) a privileged fewthe (11) of political parties to change the times and running of meetings and the weak backing
5、 women receive from their families. That support, which is (12) as well as financial, is (13) vital because women have internalized (14) images of themselves since the (15) of time and often suffer from low self-confidence.Another obstacle is the lack of financial resources, especially as election c
6、ampaigns become increasingly expensive. (16) , women encounter more or less open machismo (男子汉的高傲) in the (17) of closed political circles (18) entry to the “second sex. “ Lastly, they (19) the lack of solidarity between women, (20) by the fact that the number of available positions is limited.（分数：1
7、0.00）A.deficienciesB.deficitsC.defectsD.flawsA.embracingB.composingC.comprisingD.constitutingA.persistB.vanishC.reviveD.dieA.swayB.waterC.truthD.proofA.withB.toC.amongD.intoA.assembliesB.conventionsC.associationsD.ralliesA.penaltiesB.attacksC.torturesD.abusesA.penetratedB.compressedC.intensifiedD.ra
8、ckedA.strappedB.bandagedC.restrainedD.inhibitedA.allowed forB.put in forC.reserved forD.compensated forA.endeavorB.persistenceC.stubbornnessD.reluctanceA.moralB.mortalC.orthodoxD.sensibleA.all the sameB.at mostC.all the moreD.above allA.negativeB.obsoleteC.undesirableD.viceA.commencementB.thresholdC
9、dawnD.outbreakA.To make matters worseB.In contrastC.By the same tokenD.To sum upA.formB.fashionC.patternD.formatA.inspiringB.barringC.disapprovingD.banningA.convictB.justifyC.highlightD.regretA.deterioratedB.solidifiedC.aggravatedD.occurred二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四
10、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When Newsweek recently asked 1,000 U. S. citizens to take Americas official citizenship test, 29 percent couldnt name the vice president. Seventy-three percent couldnt correctly say why we fought the Cold War. Forty-four percent were unable to define the Bill of Rights. And 6
11、percent couldnt even circle Independence Day on a calendar.Dont get us wrong: civic ignorance is nothing new. For as long as theyve existed, Americans have been misunderstanding checks and balances and misidentifying their senators. And theyve been lamenting the ignorance of their peers ever since p
12、ollsters started publishing these dispiriting surveys back in Harry Trumans day. According to a study by Michael X. Delli Carpini, dean of the Annenberg School for Communication, the yearly shifts in civic knowledge since World War II have averaged out to “slightly under 1 percent. “But the world ha
13、s changed. And unfortunately, its becoming more and more inhospitable to incurious know-nothingslike us. To appreciate the risks involved, its important to understand where American ignorance comes from. In March 2009, the European Journal of Communication asked citizens of Britain, Denmark, Finland
14、 and the U.S. to answer questions on international affairs. The Europeans outdid us. It was only the latest in a series of polls that have shown us lagging behind our First World peers.Most experts agree that the relative complexity of the U. S. political system makes it hard for Americans to keep
15、up. In many European countries, parliaments have proportional representation, and the majority party rules without having to “share power with a lot of subnational governments,“ notes Yale political scientist Jacob Hacker. In contrast, were saddled with a nonproportional Senate; a tangle of state, l
16、ocal, and federal bureaucracies; and near-constant elections for every imaginable office (judge, sheriff, school-board member, and so on). “Nobody is competent to understand it all, which you realize every time you vote,“ says Michael Schudson, author of The Good Citizen. “You know youre going to co
17、me up short, and that discourages you from learning more. “It doesnt help that the United States has one of the highest levels of income inequality in the developed world, with the top 400 households raking in more money than the bottom 60 percent combined. As Dalton Conley, an NYU sociologist, expl
18、ains, “its like comparing apples and oranges. Unlike Denmark, we have a lot of very poor people without access to good education, and a huge immigrant population that doesnt even speak English. “ When surveys focus on well-off, native-born respondents, the U. S. actually holds its own against Europe
19、For more than two centuries, Americans have gotten away with not knowing much about the world around them. But times have changedand theyve changed in ways that make civic ignorance a big problem going forward. We suffer from a lack of information rather than a lack of ability. Whether thats a trea
20、table affliction or a terminal illness remains to be seen. But nows the time to start searching for a cure.（分数：10.00）(1).Back in Trumans day, Americans（分数：2.00）A.were well aware of what was going on around them.B.already showed much ignorance about public affairs.C.did not know as much about civil r
21、ights as they do now.D.lamented the ignorance of the pollsters involved in surveys.(2).The author implies in Paragraph 3 that（分数：2.00）A.it is all the more important for Americans to know the less friendly world.B.the risks in remaining ignorant in a fasting changing world will be costly.C.America sh
22、ould learn from Europe in training and educating its citizens.D.Americans knowledge about the world has been increasing slowly each year.(3).Jacob Hacker implies that the British political system（分数：2.00）A.is much less complicated than that of America.B.is more centralized in terms of power and gove
23、rnment.C.is less democratic and ignores a lot of civil rights.D.is less bureaucratic and works more efficiently.(4).Paragraphs 4 and 5 are written to（分数：2.00）A.explain how American political system works.B.explain how to root out income inequality in America.C.propose a solution to Americas civic ig
24、norance.D.explore the roots of Americas civic ignorance.(5).Americas civic ignorance（分数：2.00）A.is largely attributable to its unwillingness to learn.B.can not be corrected by any kind of method.C.has become an affliction in the fast-changing world.D.can be traced back to its rising dominance in the
25、worlds affairs.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Technological development has historically been a powerful driver of globalization, especially over the past two centuries. In agriculture, in particular, technical change underpinned the industrial revolution, improvements in nutrition, and a surge in world po
26、pulation. Interactions between population increases and technical changes in agriculture and industry, mostly since the nineteenth century, converged to expand trade and flows of finance and labor. These have been the essence of globalization.The integration of the world economy would have been impo
27、ssible without the technological developments in agriculture that proved wrong predictions of the inevitability of world famine. Technology further supported significant improvements in world food production and food security. Although substantial numbers of people are still food insecure, this is d
28、ue not to lack of overall production but is related to the location of production, income levels, and access to food by countries, households, and individuals living on the edge of subsistence.Since the 1960s, growth in world food supplies outpaced even the unprecedented increases in food demand cau
29、sed by jumps in incomes and the doubling and redoubling of population. Moreover, additional production came from virtually the same cropland base. 1.4 billion hectares of land was planted to crops in 1961 compared with the 1.5 billion hectares that in 1998 yielded twice the amount of grain and oilse
30、eds. Food prices too have declined to their lowest levels in history. Consumers are able to eat better while spending less and less of their budgets on food, diversifying demand for other goods and services. Changes in demand have spurred countries specialization in production, fueling world trade a
31、nd investment flows.The currently favorable dynamic balance between overall food supply and demand was not inevitable, however. Nor should it be taken for granted that the balance will persist without public intervention. Progress in the past century resulted from successful interaction between farm
32、ers, input suppliers, and a publicly supported research and extension system that furnished innovations and knowledge to the world for free. Little land now remains on which to expand agricultural production, so crop and livestock yields must continue to increase for the next several decades. Produc
33、tion must be sustained, at these much higher levels, for the foreseeable future in the face of environmental, biological, and other factors that may undermine past gains. Thus, continued strong performance in research and innovation is essential to maintain favorable food balances over the next half
34、 century.（分数：10.00）(1).What have been the driving forces of globalization according to the author?（分数：2.00）A.Trade and flows of finance and labor.B.Overall increases in food demand and supply.C.The technical developments in agriculture and industry.D.The interactions between population and technolog
35、y.(2).A large proportion of the worlds population does not have enough food to eat because（分数：2.00）A.the worlds overall food demand still exceeds food supply.B.technical changes have not produced enough food.C.many of the people do not have the money to buy it.D.population increases have outpaced fo
36、od production.(3).Technical changes in agriculture have brought all the following benefits EXCEPT（分数：2.00）A.fair distribution of food.B.better quality food.C.decline in food prices.D.increased per-hectare yields.(4).With limited arable land, it is all the more important to（分数：2.00）A.curtail populati
37、on growth.B.protect the environment.C.increase investment flows.D.promote technical changes.(5).The passage is mainly concerned with（分数：2.00）A.the role of emerging globalization in agriculture.B.the relationship between population growth and food supply.C.the importance of a balance between food sup
38、ply and demand.D.the value of technological advances to food supply.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The extent of a nations power over its coastal ecosystems and the natural resources in its coastal waters has been defined by two international law doctrines, freedom of the seas and adjacent state sovereignt
39、y. Until the mid-twentieth century, most nations favored application of broad open-seas freedoms and limited sovereign rights over coastal waters. A nation had the right to include within its territorial dominion only a very narrow band of coastal waters (generally extending three miles from the sho
40、reline), within which it had the authority, but not the responsibility, to regulate all activities. But, because this area of territorial dominion was so limited, most nations did not establish rules for management or protection of their territorial waters.Regardless of whether or not nations enforc
41、ed regulations in their territorial waters, large ocean areas remained free of controls or restrictions. The citizens of all nations had the right to use these unrestricted ocean areas for any innocent purpose, including navigation and fishing. Except for controls over its own citizens, no nation ha
42、d the responsibility to control such activities in international waters. And, since there were few standards of conduct that applied on the “open seas,“ there were few jurisdictional conflicts between nations.The lack of standards is traceable to popular perceptions held before the middle of this ce
43、ntury. By and large, marine pollution was not perceived as a significant problem, in part because the adverse effect of coastal activities on ocean ecosystems was not widely recognized, and pollution caused by human activities was generally believed to be limited to that caused by navigation. Moreov
44、er, the freedom to fish, or over-fish, was an essential element of the traditional legal doctrine of freedom of the seas that no maritime country wished to see limited. And finally, the technology that later allowed exploitation of other ocean resources, such as oil, did not yet exist.To date, contr
45、olling pollution and regulating ocean resources have still not been comprehensively addressed by law, but two recent developments may actually lead to future international rules providing for ecosystem management. First, the establishment of extensive fishery zones, extending territorial authority a
46、s far as 200 miles out from a countrys coast, has provided the opportunity for nations individually to manage larger ecosystems. This opportunity, combined with national self-interest in maintaining fish populations, could lead nations to reevaluate policies for management of their fisheries and to
47、address the problem of pollution in territorial waters. Second, the international community is beginning to understand the importance of preserving the resources and ecology of international waters and to show signs of accepting responsibility for doing so. Thus it will become more likely that inter
48、national standards and policies for broader regulation of human activities that affect ocean ecosystems will be adopted and implemented.（分数：10.00）(1).Until the mid-twentieth century there were few jurisdictional disputes over international waters because（分数：2.00）A.the nearest coastal nation regulate
49、d activities.B.few controls or restrictions applied to ocean areas.C.the ocean areas were used for only innocent purposes.D.broad authority over international waters was shared equally among all nations.(2).The author suggests in the third paragraph that, before the mid-twentieth century, most nations actions indicated that（分数：2.00）A.managing ecosystems in either territorial or international waters was given low priority.B.unlimited resources in international waters resulted in little interest in territorial waters.C.a nations authority over its citizen
