1、考研英语-477 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Humans are unique in the extent to which they can reflect on themselves and others. Humans are able to (1) , to think in abstract terms, to reflect on the future. A meaningless, (2) world is an insecure world. We do not like ext
2、ensive insecurity. When it (3) to human behavior we infer meaning and (4) to make the behavior understandable. What all this means is that people develop “quasi theories“ of human behavior, that is, theories that are not developed in an objective, scientific (5) . When doing so, people believe they
3、know (6) humans do the things they do.Lets consider an example. In the United States people have been (7) with the increasing amount of crime for several years. The extent of crime bothers us; we ourselves could be (8) But what also bothers us is that people behave in such ways. Why can such things
4、happen? We develop quasi theories. We (9) concerned about the high crime rate, but we now believe we (10) it: our criminal justice system is (11) ; people have grown selfish and inconsiderate as our moral values (12) from the influence of liberal ideas; too many people are (13) drugs. These explanat
5、ions suggest possible solutions. (14) the courts; put more people in jail as (15) to other lawbreakers. There is hope that the problem of crime can be solved if only we (16) these solutions. Again, the world is no longer meaningless nor (17) so threatening.These quasi theories (18) serve a very impo
6、rtant function for us. But how accurate are they? How (19) will the suggested solutions be? These questions must be answered (20) how people normally go about developing or attaining their quasi theories of human behavior.（分数：10.00）A.understandB.reasonC.meditateD.reckonA.unanimousB.unimaginableC.dis
7、organizedD.unpredictableA.comesB.getsC.goesD.amountsA.initiativesB.illustrationsC.conclusionsD.motivesA.meansB.mediumC.mannerD.approachA.whetherB.howC.whenD.whyA.concernedB.worriedC.disturbedD.involvedA.preysB.victimsC.casualtiesD.sacrificesA.retainB.maintainC.remainD.refrainA.knowB.understandC.comp
8、rehendD.graspA.deficientB.precautiousC.destructiveD.inadequateA.weakenB.shrinkC.circumscribeD.evadeA.withB.againstC.forD.onA.StrengthenB.StiffenC.IntensifyD.ConsolidateA.examplesB.modelsC.casesD.samplesA.see toB.work outC.act onD.come up withA.quiteB.ratherC.veryD.muchA.moreoverB.otherwiseC.neverthe
9、lessD.thereforeA.effectiveB.efficientC.proficientD.sufficientA.with respect toB.as a result ofC.on behalf ofD.in line with二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In 1993, I published a book, The Rage of a Privileged Class, whose central thesis was that even
10、the most gifted African-Americans assumed that they would never crash through Americas glass ceilingno matter how talented, well educated, or hardworking they were. Few people of any race would claim that true equality has arrived; but so much has changed since Rage came out. Color is becoming less
11、and less a burden; race is less and less an immovable barrier.My new research explores how that phenomenon is changing the way people of all races view the American landscape. I polled two groups of especially accomplished people of color. One is the African-American alumni of Harvard Business Schoo
12、l. The other is the alumni of A Better Chance, a program, founded in 1963, that sends ambitious, talented youngsters to some of the nations best secondary schools.Generations, I concluded from my study, mattered deeplywith their defining characteristics rooted in Americas evolving racial dynamics. G
13、eneration 1, in this categorization, is the civil-rights generationthose (born before 1945) who participated in, or simply bore witness to, the defining 20th-century battle for racial equality. It is the generation of whites who, in large measure, saw blacks as alien beings and the generation of bla
14、cks who, for the most part, saw whites as irremediably prejudiced. Gen 2s (born between 1945 and 1969) were much less racially constrainedthough they remained, in large measure, stuck in a tangle of racial stereotypes. Gen 3s (born between 1970 and 1995) saw race as less of a big deal. And that abil
15、ity to see a person beyond color has cleared the way for a generation of Believersblacks who fully accept that America means what it says when it promises to give them a shot.That new reality made itself clear when I compared black Gen 1 Harvard M. B. A. s with their Gen 3 counterparts. Seventy-five
16、 percent of Gen 1s said blacks faced “a lot“ of discrimination, compared with 49 percent of Gen 3s. Twenty-five percent of Gen 1s thought their educational attainments put them “on an equal professional footing with white peers or competitors with comparable educational credentials,“ compared with 6
17、2 percent of Gen 3s. Ninety-three percent of Gen 1s saw a glass ceiling at their current workplaces, compared with 46 percent of Gen 3s.I am not about to make a statistical argument based on these numbers, but the message nonetheless seems clear. In the time since the Gen 1s came on the scene, a rev
18、olution has occurred. Those uptight suburbanites who couldnt imagine socializing with, working for, or marrying a “Negro,“ who thought blacks existed in an altogether different dimension, who could no more see dining with a black person than dining with a giraffe, have slowly given way to a new gene
19、ration that embracesat least consciouslythe concept of equality. Americans have, in some substantial way, re-created each otherto an extent that our predecessors might find astounding.（分数：10.00）(1).The expression “glass ceiling“ probably refers to（分数：2.00）A.an invisible obstacle to career developmen
20、t.B.a transparent way of conducting business.C.racial discrimination in higher education.D.the status of the privileged class in America.(2).The new research indicates（分数：2.00）A.some privileged programs help build students self-confidence.B.the more education one receives, the less prejudice one is
21、subjected to.C.racial prejudice has become less of an obstacle to career development.D.older generations suffered less discrimination owing to the civil rights movement.(3).Which of the following is true about the three generations?（分数：2.00）A.Generation 1s still live in a discriminatory environment.
22、B.Generation 2s are classified into different racial types.C.Generation 3s think they can enjoy true racial equality.D.Generation 3s have better memories of their university life.(4).Conservative white people of Gen 1 used to think（分数：2.00）A.they could break through the glass ceiling if they worked
23、hard.B.they were on an equal professional footing with black peers.C.white people who dined with black people were giraffes.D.the black people belonged to a different kind of animals.(5).By saying Americans have “re-created each other“, the author means（分数：2.00）A.they created their own life by inter
24、racial marriage.B.the way they treat each other has become fairer.C.they acknowledge their predecessors contribution to racial equality.D.they have re-created their identities in face of racial discrimination.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)On the eve of global warming negotiations, scientists from several
25、Western nations are clamoring for a crash program to develop clean energy that would rival the Manhattan Project and the Apollo mission to the moon.Writing in Thursdays issue of the journal Nature, scientists from North America and Europe predicted that global warming will soon become the environmen
26、tal equivalent of the Cold War as the worlds increasing reliance on fossil fuels releases more carbon dioxide and other heattrapping pollutants into the atmosphere. The 11 scientists urged negotiators at environmental talks scheduled to begin Nov. 2 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, to push for a mobiliza
27、tion of scientific resources to develop alternative forms of energy, such as solar, wind and nuclear power. “Developing and commercializing carbon-flee power technologies by the mid-21st century could require efforts, perhaps international, pursued with the urgency of the Manhattan Project or the Ap
28、ollo space program,“ said Martin Hoffert, a physicist at New York University. Only 20% or less of todays energy use comes from carbon-free sources. The Nature paper is unusual because it contains broad policy recommendations. Normally, the journal publishes straightforward scientific studies.Last ye
29、ar, governments meeting in Kyoto, Japan, agreed to emission reductions by the United States, Japan, the 15-nation European Union and 21 other industrial nations. The nations are to cut their output of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases to 5% below their 1990 levels by 2012. This year, negotia
30、tors for 166 nations are meeting to determine how each country will achieve the reductions.To some, rising annual average temperatures in the 1990s amount to early proof that global warming has arrived and that the current treaty wont protect nations from climatic upheaval during the 21st century. S
31、ome scientists said global warming is inevitable and no amount of effortnot even a crash programwill prevent it. “We will experience a substantial amount of further climate change even if we make huge cuts in emissions,“ said Martin Parry of University College in London. Others said there are many w
32、ays of reducing global warming without mobilizing scientists worldwide. Energy conservation and efficiency, such as greater use of cleaner-burning natural gas and nuclear power, might be a cheaper solution, they say. Smokestack and tailpipe controls, as well as planting trees, can reduce pollution,
33、too. Countries can also provide utilities with financial incentives to invest in experimental technologies.Even optimists at the meeting agreed that demand for crude oil will outstrip production by 2020 and that worldwide reserves will be exhausted by 2100. Oil shortages and higher prices will make
34、the world a more dangerous place, they warned.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the word “crash“ probably means（分数：2.00）A.destructive.B.urgent.C.advanced.D.universal.(2).The author compared the clean energy campaign to Manhattan Project and the Apollo mission to show that（分数：2.00）A.the world wil
35、l come to its end short of this campaign.B.the campaign puts at stake the benefits of all nations.C.the campaign has an epoch-making significance.D.the campaign entails the efforts of an unprecedented scale.(3).What is particular about the Nature paper?（分数：2.00）A.It presents a clear picture of the p
36、recent environmental problem before us.B.It contains very convincing and straightforward scientific statistics.C.It advocates the study and use of non-polluting sources of energy.D.It presents its findings about global warming and proposes some polices.(4).Those who consider global warming inevitabl
37、e believe that（分数：2.00）A.even substantial emission reductions can not prevent its arrival.B.only international efforts can help to slow it down, if not to stop it.C.the Kyoto agreement is too ambitious to be of any practical value.D.the effect of the present emission-reducing efforts can only be see
38、n in the next century.(5).Which of the following is NOT considered a way of combating global warming?（分数：2.00）A.Using fossil fuels more efficiently.B.Introducing advanced technologies to improve utilities.C.Building taller smokestacks.D.Increasing the use of carbon-free sources.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.
39、00)The simple act of surrendering a telephone number to a store clerk may seem innocuousso much so that many consumers do it with no questions asked. Yet that one action can set in motion a cascade of silent events, as that data point is acquired, analyzed, categorized, stored and sold over and over
40、 again. Future attacks on your privacy may come from anywhere, from anyone with money to purchase that phone number you surrendered. If you doubt the multiplier effect, consider your e-mail inbox. If its loaded with spam, its undoubtedly because at some point in time you unknowingly surrendered your
41、 e-mail to the wrong Web site.Do you think your telephone number or address are handled differently? A cottage industry of small companies with names youve probably never heard oflike Acxiom or Merlinbuy and sell your personal information the way other commodities like corn or cattle futures are bar
42、tered. You may think your cell phone is unlisted, but if youve ever ordered a pizza, it might not be. Merlin is one of many commercial data brokers that advertises sale of unlisted phone numbers compiled from various sourcesincluding pizza delivery companies. These unintended, unpredictable conseque
43、nces that flow from simple actions make privacy issues difficult to grasp, and grapple with.In a larger sense, privacy also is often cast as a tale of “Big Brother“the government is watching you or a big corporation is watching you. But privacy issues dont necessarily involve large faceless institut
44、ions: A spouse takes a casual glance at her husbands Blackberry, a co-worker looks at e-mail over your shoulder or a friend glances at a cell phone text message from the next seat on the bus. While very little of this is news to anyonepeople are now well aware there are video cameras and Internet co
45、okies everywherethere is abundant evidence that people live their lives ignorant of the monitoring, assuming a mythical level of privacy. People write e-mails and type instant messages they never expect anyone to see. Just ask Mark Foley or even Bill Gates, whose e-mails were a cornerstone of the Ju
46、stice Departments antitrust case against Microsoft.And polls and studies have repeatedly shown that Americans are indifferent to privacy concerns. The general defense for such indifference is summed up a single phrase: “I have nothing to hide. “ If you have nothing to hide, why shouldnt the governme
47、nt be able to peek at your phone records, your wife see your e-mail or a company send you junk mail? Its a powerful argument, one that privacy advocates spend considerable time discussing and strategizing over.It is hard to deny, however, that people behave different when theyre being watched. And i
48、t is also impossible to deny that Americans are now being watched more than at any time in history.（分数：10.00）(1).The email example shows（分数：2.00）A.email has become the predominant means of communication.B.careless surrendering of personal information can be harmful.C.the communication via email is r
49、eplacing that via telephone.D.email will become an area for potential attacks on privacy.(2).Companies like Acxiom or Merlin（分数：2.00）A.make a profit by acquiring and selling personal information.B.compile telephone directories for local business transaction.C.are law firms specializing in dealing with privacy issues.D.are agencies whose major mission is to protect privacy.(3).We can infer from the third paragraph that（分数：2.00）A.cases of intrusion on privacy are the most serious in large institutions.B.people are now clearly aware how their privacy can
