1、考研英语-812 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)A study of art history might be a good way to learn more about a culture than that is possible to learn in general history classes. Most (1) history courses concentrate on politics, economics, and war. (2) , art history (3) on m
2、uch more than this because art reflects not only the political values of a people, but also religious (4) , emotions, and psychology. (5) , information about the daily activities of our own can be provided by art. In short, art expresses the (6) qualities of a time and a place, and a study of it cle
3、arly offers us a deeper understanding than what can be found in most history books.In history books, objective information about the political life of a country is (7) ; that is, facts about political are given, but (8) are not expressed. Art, on the other hand, is (9) : it reflects emotions and imp
4、ressions. The great Spanish painter Francisco Goya severely criticized the Spanish government for its (10) of power over people. Over a hundred years later, symbolic (11) were used in Pablo Picassos Guemica to express the (12) of War. (13) , on another continent, the powerful paintings of Diego Rive
5、ra depicted these Mexican artists concealed (14) and sadness about social problems.In the same way, art can (15) a cultures religious beliefs. For hundreds of years in Europe, religious art was (16) the only type of art that existed. Churches and other religious buildings were filled with paintings
6、that depicted people and stories from the Bible. (17) most people couldnt read, they could still understand biblical stories in the pictures on church walls. (18) , one of the main characteristics of art in the Middle East was (and still is) its (19) of human and animal images. This reflects the Isl
7、amic belief that statues are (20) .（分数：10.00）A.interestingB.plausibleC.superiorD.typicalA.IndeedB.HenceC.HoweverD.ThereforeA.commentsB.focusesC.dependsD.centersA.beliefB.faithC.trustD.credibilityA.In additionB.In summaryC.In any caseD.In effectA.equivalentB.temporaryC.essentialD.effectiveA.subscribe
8、dB.presentedC.deliveredD.manifestedA.perspectivesB.counselsC.argumentsD.opinionsA.impliedB.displayedC.biasedD.createdA.misuseB.controlC.advantageD.triumphA.imagesB.signsC.stimuliD.messagesA.aweB.shockC.horrorD.griefA.NeverthelessB.ConsequentlyC.SimultaneouslyD.MeanwhileA.guardB.angerC.contentD.assau
9、lt.A.containB.mirrorC.involveD.includeA.aloneB.barelyC.almostD.scarcelyA.AlthoughB.SinceC.SupposeD.ProvidedA.WithB.ForC.ByD.OnA.relevanceB.presenceC.existenceD.absenceA.ineligibleB.unholyC.mistakenD.disloyal二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)When it com
10、es to suing doctors, Philadelphia is hardly the city of brotherly love. A combination of sprightly lawyers and sympathetic juries has made Philadelphia a hotspot for medical-malpractice lawsuits. Since 1995, Pennsylvania state courts have awarded an average of 2m in such cases, according to Jury Ver
11、dict Research, a survey firm. Some medical specialists have seen their malpractice insurance premiums nearly double over the past year. Obstetricians are now paying up to 104,000 a year to protect themselves.The insurance industry is largely to blame. Carol Golin, the Monitors editor, argues that in
12、 the 1990s insurers tried to grab market share by offering artificially low rates (betting that any losses would be covered by gains on their investments). The stock-market correction, coupled with the large legal awards, has eroded the insurers reserves. Three in Pennsylvania alone have gone bust.A
13、 few doctors-particularly older ones-will quit. The rest are adapting. Some are abandoning litigation-prone procedures, such as delivering babies. Others are moving parts of their practice to neighboring states where insurance rates are lower. Some from Pennsylvania have opened offices in New Jersey
14、. New doctors may also be deterred from setting up shop in litigation havens, however prestigious.Despite a Republican president, tort reform has got nowhere at the federal level. Indeed doctors could get clobbered indirectly by a Patients Bill of Rights, which would further expose managed care comp
15、anies to lawsuits. This prospect has fuelled interest among doctors in Pennsylvanias new medical malpractice reform bill, which was signed into law on March 20th. It will, among other things, give doctors 40m of state funds to offset their insurance premiums, spread the payment of awards out over ti
16、me and prohibit individuals from double2 dipping-that is, suing a doctor for damages that have already been paid by their health insurer.But will it really help? Randall Bovbjerg, a health policy expert at the Urban Institute, argues that the only proper way to slow down the litigation machine would
17、 be to limit the compensation for pain and suffering, so-called “non-monetary damages“. Needless to say, a fixed cap on such awards is resisted by most trial lawyers. But Mr Bovbjerg reckons a more nuanced approach, with a sliding scale of payments based on well-defined measures of injury, is a bett
18、er way forward. In the meantime, doctors and insurers are bracing themselves for a couple more rough years before the insurance cycle turns.Nobody disputes that hospital staff make mistakes: a 1999 Institute of Medicine report claimed that errors kill at least 44,000 patients a year. But there is li
19、ttle evidence that malpractice lawsuits on their own will solve the problem.（分数：10.00）(1).We can learn from the beginning of the text that doctors in Philadelphia（分数：2.00）A.are often overcharged.B.flee out of the hot city.C.are likely to be sued.D.enjoy a high prestige.(2).By mentioning “double-dipp
20、ing“ (Paragraph 4), the author is talking about（分数：2.00）A.compensations.B.premiums.C.stock shares.D.investment.(3).According to the text, what encourages doctors and insurers is that（分数：2.00）A.a new reform bill is coming into force.B.insurance premiums could be balanced.C.new medical offices have be
21、en opened up.D.injuries will be precisely measured.(4).To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?（分数：2.00）A.The proper way is to slow down payments for injuries.B.Juries tended to find fault with the compensations paid.C.Low insurance rates are to blame for the potential trouble.D
22、.Legal procedures alone may not solve the rough problem.(5).It seems that the author is most critical of（分数：2.00）A.negligent doctors.B.unfriendly patients.C.insurance companies.D.sympathetic lawyers.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)In the end, a degree of sanity prevailed. The militant Hindus who had vowed t
23、o breach a police cordon and start the work of building a temple to the god Ram at the disputed site of Ayodhya decided to respect a Supreme Court decision barring them from the area. So charged have Hindu-Muslim relations in India become in recent weeks, as the declared deadline of March 15th neare
24、d, that a clash at Rams supposed birthplace might well have provoked bloodshed on an appalling scale across the nation. It has, unfortunately, happened often enough before.But the threat has not vanished. The courts decision is only an interim one, and the main Hindu groups have not given up on thei
25、r quest to build their temple. Extreme religious violence, which seemed in recent years to have faded after the Ayodhya-related explosion of 1992-1993, is again a feature of the political landscape. Though faults lie on both sides (it was a Muslim attack On Hindus in a train in Gujarat that started
26、the recent slaughter), the great bulk of victims were, as always, Muslims. Once again, educated Hindus are to be heard inveighing against the “appeasing“ of Muslims through such concessions as separate constitutional status for Kashmir or the right to practice Islamic civil law. Once again, the poli
27、ce are being accused of doing little or nothing to help Muslim victims of rampaging Hindu mobs. Once again, Indias 130m Muslims feel unequal and unsafe in their own country. Far too many Hindus would refuse to accept that it is “their own country“ at all.The wonder of it, perhaps, is that things are
28、 not worse. While the world applauds Pakistan for at last locking up the leaders of its extreme religious groups, in India the zealots still support, sustain and to a degree constitute the government. The BJP, which leads the ruling coalition, was founded as a political front for the Hindu movement.
29、 It is simply one, and by no means the dominant, member of what is called the Sangh Pariwar, the “family of organizations“. Other members of the family are much less savoury. There is the VHP, the World Hindu Organization, which led the movement to build the Ram temple. There is the Bajrang Dal, the
30、 brutalist “youth wing“ of the VHP. There is substantial evidence that members of the VHP and the Bajrang Dal helped to organize the slaughter of hundreds of Muslims in Gujarat after 58 Hindus were killed on a train as they returned from Ayodhya.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the text, the Supreme Court
31、 ruled that（分数：2.00）A.Muslims are denied the right to civil laws.B.Hindu-Muslim clashes are an issue of religion.C.it is illegal to seek to build the Ram temple.D.religious groups are in the charge of their leaders.(2).What does the writer wants to illustrate with “a Muslim attack on Hindus on a tra
32、in in Gujarat“?（分数：2.00）A.The brutality of extreme Indian policemen.B.Frequent clashes between Hindus and Muslims.C.The cruelty as shown by Hindus to Muslims.D.The disappearance of extreme religious violence.(3).The word “rampaging“ (Para 2) denotes（分数：2.00）A.“dominance.“B.“violence.“C.“deference.“D
33、.“acceptance.“(4).According to the text, now the world would praise Hindus and Muslims mainly for their（分数：2.00）A.generosity.B.humaneness.C.enthusiasm.D.sensibility.(5).Towards the issue of Hindu-Muslim relations, the writers attitude can be said to be（分数：2.00）A.objective.B.biased.C.appalled.D.suppo
34、rtive.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)For Tony Blair, home is a messy sort of place, where the prime ministers job is not to uphold eternal values but to force through some unpopular changes that may make the country work a bit better. The area where this is most obvious, and where it matters most, is the p
35、ublic services. Mr Blair faces a difficulty here which is partly of his own making. By focusing his last election campaign on the need to improve hospitals, schools, transport and policing, he built up expectations. Mr Blair has said many times that reforms in the way the public services work need t
36、o go alongside increases in cash.Mr Blair has made his task harder by committing a classic negotiating error. Instead of extracting concessions from the other side before promising his own, he has pledged himself to higher spending on public services without getting a commitment to change from the u
37、nions. Why, given that this pledge has been made, should the health unions give ground in return? In a speech on March 20th, Gordon Brown, the chancellor of the exchequer, said that “the something-for-nothing days are over in our public services and there can be no blank cheques.“ But the government
38、 already seems to have given health workers a blank cheque.Nor are other ministries conveying quite the same message as the treasury. On March 19th, John Hutton, a health minister, announced that cleaners and catering staff in new privately-funded hospitals working for the National Health service wi
39、ll still be government employees, entitled to the same pay and conditions as other health-service workers. Since one of the main ways in which the government hopes to reform the public sector is by using private providers, and since one of the main ways in which private providers are likely to be ab
40、le to save money is by cutting labor costs, this move seems to undermine the governments strategy.Now the government faces its hardest fight. The police need reforming more than any other public service. Half of them, for instance, retire early, at a cost of 1 billion (1.4% billion) a year to the ta
41、xpayer. The police have voted 10-1 against proposals from the home secretary, David Blunkett, to reform their working practices.This is a fight the government has to win. If the police get away with it, other public-service workers will reckon they can too. And, if they all get away it, Mr Blairs do
42、mestic policy-which is what voters are most likely to judge him on a the next election-will be a failure.（分数：10.00）(1).In Britain, Tony Blairs chief task is to（分数：2.00）A.deal with disorders.B.see to public services.C.attend to reforms.D.live up to expectations.(2).What does the author mean by “a cla
43、ssic negotiating error“ (Paragraph 2)?（分数：2.00）A.“keeping to endless bargains.“B.“avoiding financial challenges.“C.“making solemn promises.“D.“offering unnecessary pledges.“(3).The views of Gordon Brown and John Hutton on public services reforms are（分数：2.00）A.similar.B.dubious.C.opposite.D.identical
44、.(4).It can be inferred from that text that Tony Blair（分数：2.00）A.might have been caught in his own trap.B.is more likely to win the next election.C.gets away with his negotiating strategies.D.is bound to encounter financial troubles.(5).The conclusion can be drawn from the text that Britains public
45、services may be（分数：2.00）A.on the verge of collapse.B.at a crucial stage.C.in pursuit of popularity.D.beyond repairs.七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Europe is desperate to succeed in business. Two years ago, the European Unions Lisbon summit set a goal of becoming the worlds leading economy by 2010. But succ
46、ess, as any new- age executive coach might tell you, requires confronting the fear of failure. That is why Europes approach to bankruptcy urgently needs reform.In Europe, as in the United States, many heavily indebted companies are shutting up shop just as the economy begins to recover. Ironically,
47、the upturn is often the moment when weak firms finally fail. But Americas failures have a big advantage over Europes weaklings: their countrys more relaxed approach to bankruptcy.In the United States the Chapter 11 law makes going bust an orderly and even routine process. Firms in trouble simply app
48、ly for breathing space from creditors. Managers submit a plan of reorganization to a judge, and creditors decide whether to give it a go or to come up with one of their own. Creditors have a say in whether to keep the firm running, or to liquidate it. If they keep it running, they often end up with
49、a big chunk of equity, if not outright control.But shutting a bust European company is harder in two other ways. First, with no equivalent of Chapter 11, bankruptcy forces companies to stop trading abruptly. That damages the value of the creditors potential assets, and may also cause havoc for customers. Second, a company that trades across the European Union will find that it has to abide by different bankruptcy laws in the 15 member states, whose courts and administrators may make conflicting and sometimes incompatible stipulations.The absence of pro
