1、考研英语-841 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Jealousy can expose romantic partners to extreme danger. It can (1) . previously harmonious relationships and can shatter (2) in a simple crashing moment. Anyone whos read Shakespeares tragedy Othello-about a man so blinded by j
2、ealousy (3) he kills his wife-knows this. But as it (4) , being blinded isnt purely metaphorical: jealousy can, literally, make us unable to see.New research found that women who were made to feel jealous of their partners (who were also present) became so (5) by the emotion that they were unable to
3、 (6) visual targets on a computer screen. “The language of social relationships is filled with visual metaphor,“ write the psychology professors Steven Most and J. Laurenceau, but “the (7) of social emotions-known to affect moods, behaviors and physical health- appears to (8) so deeply as to affect
4、processes (9) in visual awareness.“That visual awareness involved the female members of 25 couples, (10) 19 to 20 in age, sitting near their partners at two (11) . computer screens. (12) the men looked at a series of photos that included graphic pictures of women and were asked to (13) their attract
5、iveness, the women were (14) with pointing out landscape images (the “targets“) (15) rapid streams of images. The result? The more jealous the women became, the (16) they were distracted by the images on their partners screens, the less they could see the targets on their own screens.So, what about
6、male jealousy? Well, the researchers didnt test the men-at least not yet. But, (17) culture tells us anything, wed guess the results wont be much (18) . Until then, say the researchers, lovers, poets, and philosophers will continue to (19) whether love is blind-but we can all rest (20) that jealousy
7、 is.（分数：10.00）A.reinforceB.sharpenC.destroyD.defendA.emotionB.trustC.fragranceD.delightA.thatB.forC.sinceD.asA.results inB.calls upC.turns outD.puts downA.distractedB.fascinatedC.disappointedD.erodedA.interpretB.discussC.stareD.spotA.burdenB.influenceC.packageD.targetA.permeateB.disperseC.performD.e
8、xposeA.forcedB.fulfilledC.involvedD.coveredA.rankingB.varyingC.averagingD.spreadingA.separateB.uniqueC.distinctiveD.instinctiveA.SinceB.UnlessC.WhileD.WhereasA.portrayB.testifyC.commentD.rateA.determinedB.taskedC.attractedD.providedA.amidB.withC.byD.overA.lessB.littleC.muchD.moreA.asB.becauseC.whenD
9、.ifA.similarB.identicalC.differentD.disappointingA.maintainB.inquireC.confirmD.debateA.firmB.assuredC.sureD.reassured二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)All men are created equal, or so reckoned Thomas Jefferson as he drafted Americas Declaration of Inde
10、pendence in 1776. Subsequent Americans have had reason to question the founding father. So too have people in the land from which the new nation gained its freedom. America and Britain are among the most unequal countries in the rich world and Britain, at any rate, is more unequal now than it was a
11、generation ago. That is the conclusion of a study commissioned by Harriet Harman, the equalities minister.Class and money have always strongly affected how people do in life in Britain, with well-heeled families breeding affluent children just as the offspring of the desperately poor tend to remain
12、poor. All that was supposed to have ceased at the end of the Second World War, with the birth of a welfare state designed to meet basic needs and promote social mobility. But despite devoting much thought and more money to improving the lot of the poor, governments have failed to boost those at the
13、bottom of the pile as much as those at the top have boosted themselves.The new study, led by John Hills of the London School of Economics, found, for example, that the richest tenth of households received income more than four times that of the poorest tenth; just a generation ago, it was three time
14、s as much. Internationally, only six of the 30 members of the OECD, a club of mainly rich countries, show greater inequality. Wealth is distributed far more unequally than income, with the richest tenth in Britain holding assets worth almost 100 times those of the poorest.Although the study found th
15、at some of the widest gaps between social groups have diminished over time, deep-seated differences between haves and have-nots persist, mining the life chances of the less fortunate. Politicians of all stripes talk up equality of opportunity, arguing that it makes for a fairer and more mobile socie
16、ty, and a more prosperous one. The goal of greater equality of outcomes also has its boosters. In “The Spirit Level“, epidemic disease experts Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson claim that more equal societies are healthier than unequal ones, as well as happier. Not all agree, but in a country where
17、 the National Health Service accounts for almost a fifth of public spending, it is worth considering.The difficulty arises in putting these notions into practice, through severe tax increases for the middleclass and wealthy, or expanding government intervention. These have not recently been vote-win
18、ning propositions, but the recession that Britain is now limping away from may have changed things.（分数：10.00）(1).According to Harriet Harman, in Britain,（分数：2.00）A.inequality has disappeared.B.the rich-poor gap has narrowed.C.various social inequalities spring up.D.the unequal situation has worsene(
19、2).Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 2?（分数：2.00）A.Class and money determine everything in Britain.B.Gap between poor and rich remains after World War .C.Basic needs are met in Britain thanks to the welfare policy.D.The British government makes few efforts to help the poor.(3).Joh
20、n Hills study has found that（分数：2.00）A.the richest receive income four times more than the poorest.B.Britain is a OECD member with the highest rate of inequality.C.wealth distribution is more unequal than income distribution.D.most gaps between social groups have disappeared over tim(4).It is indica
21、ted in Paragraph 4 that British politicians（分数：2.00）A.only indulge in empty talks.B.advocate fairer opportunities.C.boost the equality of outcomes.D.ignore the real need of the poor.(5).Kate Pickett and Richard Wilkinson hold that fairer countries（分数：2.00）A.enjoy a higher level of well-being.B.are o
22、ften more mobile and prosperous.C.feature stronger government intervention.D.can be realized by severe tax increases.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Louis Armstrong sang, “When youre smiling, the whole world smiles with you.“ Romantics everywhere may be surprised to learn that psychological research has pro
23、ven this sentiment to be true-merely seeing a smile (or a frown, for that matter) will acti- vate the muscles in our face that make that expression, even if we are unaware of it. Now, according to a new study in Psychological Science, simply reading certain words may also have the same effect.Psycho
24、logists Francesco Foroni from VU University Amsterdam and Gun R. Semin from the University of Utrecht conducted two experiments to see if emotion language has an influence on facial muscle activity. In the first experiment, a group of students read a series of emotion verbs (e.g., “to smile,“ “to cr
25、y“) and adjectives (e.g., “funny,“ “frustrating“) on a monitor, while the activity of their zygomatic major (the muscle responsible for smiles) and corrugator supercilii (which causes frowns) muscles were measured. The results showed that reading action verbs activated the corresponding muscles. For
26、 example, “to laugh“ resulted in activation of the zygomatic major muscle, but did not cause any response in the muscles responsible for frowning. Interestingly, when presented with the emotion adjectives like “funny“ or “frustrating“ the volunteers demonstrated much lower muscle activation compared
27、 to their reactions to emotion verbs. The researchers note that muscle activity is “induced in the reader when reading verbs representing facial expressions of emotion.“Can this natural bodily reaction affect our judgments? In another experiment, volunteers watched a series of cartoons and were unco
28、nsciously shown emotion verbs and adjectives after each one. They were then asked to rate how funny they thought the cartoons were. Half of the participants held a pen with their lips, to prevent them from smiling, while the remaining participants did not have their muscle movement blocked. The resu
29、lts reveal that even when emotion verbs are presented unconsciously, they are able to influence judgment-volun- teers found cartoons to be funnier when they were preceded by smiling verbs than if they were preceded by frowning-related verbs. However, this effect only occurred in the volunteers who w
30、ere able to smile-volunteers who had muscle movement blocked did not show this relationship between emotion verbs and how funny they judged the cartoons as being.The results of these experiments reveal that simply reading emotion verbs activates specific facial muscles and can influence judgments we
31、 make. The researchers note these findings suggest that “language is not merely symbolic, but also somatic,“ and they conclude that “these experiments provide an important bridge between research on the neurobiological basis of language and related behavioral research./（分数：10.00）(1).Louis Armstrong
32、is cited in first paragraph to（分数：2.00）A.provide as a proof that smiles are infectious.B.introduce the topic to be explored in the text.C.show merry sentiment usually spreads around.D.justify the assumption in Psychological Scienc(2).One is more likely to knit his eyebrows when presented with（分数：2.0
33、0）A.“to laugh“.B.“to frown“.C.“funny“.D.“frustrating“.(3).Francesco Foroni and Gun R. Semin have found in their second experiment that（分数：2.00）A.simply reading emotion words will activate the muscles in our face.B.emotion verbs will affect our judgments only when presented unconsciously.C.the smilin
34、g verbs preceding the cartoons made the cartoons funnier.D.not all participants fell under the influence of emotion verbs.(4).The word “somatic“ (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means（分数：2.00）A.romantic.B.influential.C.physical.D.behavioral.(5).What can we infer from the text?（分数：2.00）A.Smile and
35、 the world will probably smile back at you.B.Emotional verbs are more powerful than emotional adjectives.C.Language is so powerful that it exerts influence on our judgments.D.Language can bridge neurobiological study and behavioral researc六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Do patents help or hinder innovation?
36、 Instinctively, they would seem a blessing. Patenting an idea gives its inventor a 20-year monopoly to exploit the fruit of his la- bor in the marketplace, in exchange for publishing a full account of how the new product, process or material works for everyone to see. For the inventor, that may be a
37、 reasonable trade-off. For society, however, the loss of competition through the granting sole rights to an individual or organization is justified only if it stimulates the economy and delivers goods that change peoples lives for the better.Invention, though, is not innovation. It may take a couple
38、 of enthusiasts working evenings and weekends for a year or two-not to mention tens of thousands of dollars of their savings-to get a pet idea to the patenting stage. But that is just the beginning. Innovations based on patented inventions or discoveries can take teams of researchers, engineers and
39、marketing experts a decade or more, and tens of millions of dollars, to transfer to the marketplace. And for every bright idea that goes on to become a commercial winner, literally thousands fall by the wayside.Most economists would argue that, without a patent system, even fewer inventions would le
40、ad to successful innovations, and those that did would be kept secret for far longer in order to maximize returns. But what if patents actually discourage the combining and recombining of inventions to yield new products and processes-as has happened in biotechnology, genetics and other disciplines?
41、Or what about those ridiculous business-process patents, like As “one-click“ patent or the “nameyour-price“ auction patent assigned to P? Instead of stimulating innovation, such patents seem more about extracting “rents“ from innocent bystanders going about their business. One thing has become clear
42、 since business-process patents took off in America during the 1990s: the quality of patents has deteriorated markedly. And with sloppier patenting standards, litigation has increased. The result is higher transaction costs all round.It is not simply a failure of the United States Patent and Tradema
43、rk Office (USPTO) to examine applications more rigorously. The Federal Circuit has been responsible for a number of bizarre rulings. Because of its diverse responsibilities, the Federal Circuit-unlike its counterparts in Europe and Japan-has never really acquired adequate expense in patent law.To be
44、 eligible for a patent, an invention must not just be novel, but also useful and non-obvious. Anything that relies on natural phenomena, abstract ideas or the laws of nature does not qualify. The USPTO has taken to requiring a working prototype of anything that supposedly breaches the laws of physic
45、s. So, no more perpetualmotion machines, please.（分数：10.00）(1).What can we learn from the first paragraph?（分数：2.00）A.It is a natural tendency for people to believe that innovation is stimulated by patents.B.The inventors cannot reap the fruits of their patents until many years later.C.Individuals and
46、 organizations welcome competitions brought about by the patentees.D.Patenting can never be a blessing to society if it fails to benefit people at larg(2).The phrase “fall by the wayside“ (Lines 5-6, Par（分数：2.00）A.2) most probably meansA. “give up“.B. “break down“.C. “drop off“.D. “fall over“.(3).Ac
47、cording to the author, the “one-click“ patent and the “name-your-price“ patent are（分数：2.00）A.comical.B.shocking.C.absurd.D.unreasonabl(4).The author holds that business-process patents（分数：2.00）A.should have been introduced earlier.B.should have helped innovation.C.should be responsible for rising pr
48、ices.D.should achieve a higher standardization.(5).According to the text, which of the following is eligible for a patent?（分数：2.00）A.The perpetual-motion machine.B.A solar-powered automobile.C.The “one-click“ online payment system.D.A words-memorizing approac七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Music is a myster
49、y. It is unique to the human race: no other species produces e- laborate sound for no particular reason. It has been, and remains, part of every known civilization on Earth. Lengths of bone fashioned into flutes were in use 40,000 years ago. And it engages peoples attention more comprehensively than almost anything else: scans show that when people fisten to music, virtually every area of their brain be- comes more active.Yet it serves no obvious adaptive purpose. Charles Darwin, in “The Descent of Man“, noted that “neither the enjoyment nor
