1、考研英语-854 及答案解析(总分：100.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As human children are unusually dependent far an unusually long time, its obvious that every society must provide a domestic context in which the children are brought up and educated. In present-day English, the word “family“ ha
2、s two meanings: firstly, the (1) group of parents and children; and secondly, a (2) of relations who might be expected to (3) at a wedding or a (4) . At the first level, my brothers and sisters and myself are all in the same (5) as children, but in different ones as parents; but at the second (6) ,
3、were all in the same family from start to finish.As nuclear families become more (7) , families of relations become more dispersed (分散). The young mother can still talk to her Mum on the phone, but she cant ask her to (8) for a few minutes to watch the baby. Ideas about the (9) of women have been ch
4、anging: wives are thought to be the (10) of their husbands rather than their (11) . But perhaps theyre more (12) enslaved to their children than before. The point is that there doesnt seem to be any (13) . There is a genuine (14) between the right of the woman to be treated as a free and self-respec
5、ted (15) , and the right of the child to demand care and (16) We have created for ourselves three (17) : social equality of men and women; (18) of the marriage; and lifelong love and (19) between parents and children. However, we have (20) a social system in which its quite impossible for these fact
6、ors to co-exist.（分数：10.00）A.permanentB.rigidC.casualD.domesticA.paradeB.networkC.collectionD.frameworkA.turn upB.turn aboutC.turn inD.turn overA.parliamentB.settingC.funeralD.troopA.conferenceB.familyC.organizationD.procedureA.trendB.unionC.accessD.levelA.adequateB.challengedC.isolatedD.excessiveA.d
7、rop inB.drop onC.drop awayD.drop offA.personalityB.statusC.alternativeD.careerA.companionsB.opponentsC.sponsorsD.reportersA.principalsB.rivalsC.slavesD.neighborsA.flexiblyB.highlyC.presentlyD.thoroughlyA.solutionB.evolutionC.fictionD.locationA.fussB.clashC.hesitationD.pauseA.residentB.volunteerC.ind
8、ividualD.specialistA.growthB.permissionC.responseD.attentionA.miraclesB.obstaclesC.idealsD.sensationsA.glamourB.permanenceC.managementD.reservationA.cooperationB.distinctionC.tensionD.acquisitionA.modifiedB.predictedC.selectedD.created二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text
9、1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Someone has calculated that by the time an American reaches the age of 40, he or she has been exposed to one million ads. Another estimate is that we have encountered more than 600, 000 ads by the time we reach the age of only 18. Now, of course, we dont remember what exactly they s
10、aid or even what the product was, but a composite message gets through: that you deserve the best, that you should have it now, and that its okay to indulge yourself, because you deserve the compliments, sex appeal, or adventure you are going to get as a result of buying this car or those cigarettes
11、.Our consumer-based economy makes two absolutely reciprocal psychological demands on its members. On the one hand, you need the “discipline“ values to ensure that people will be good workers and lead orderly, law-abiding lives. On the other hand, you need the “enjoy yourself“ messages to get people
12、to be good consumers. One author was disturbed about the “enjoy yourself“ side, but acknowledged that “without a means of stimulating mass consumption, the very structure of our business enterprise would collapse.“The interesting question has to do with the psychological consequences of the discrepa
13、ncy between the dual messages. The “discipline“ or “traditional values“ theme demands that one compartment of the personality have a will strong enough to keep the individual doing unpleasant work at low wages, or to stay in an unhappy marriage, and, in general, to do things for the good of the comm
14、onwealth.The “enjoy yourself“ message, on the other hand, tends to encourage a very different kind of personality-one that is self-centered, based on impulse, and is unwilling to delay rewards. As an illustration, I cant. resist reciting one of my favorite ads of all time, an ad from a psychology ma
15、gazine: “I love me. Im just a good friend to myself. And I like to do what makes me feel good. I used to sit around, putting things off till tomorrow. Tomorrow Ill drink champagne, and buy a set of pearls, and pick up that new stereo. But now I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.“So what happens to
16、us as we take in these opposing messages, as we are, in fact, torn between the opposite personality types that our society seems to require of us? Tile result is anxiety, fear, and a mysterious dread. The fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer culture is real: the credit card compa
17、ny is not friendly when you default on your bills. And we all know that the path of pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is a recipe for financial ruin-for most of us, anyway-and that, in American society, there isnt much of a safety net to catch you if you fall.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragr
18、aph we know that ads in America are very_.（分数：2.00）A.pervasiveB.successfulC.convincingD.impressive(2).According to the passage, the “discipline“ values and the “enjoy yourself“ are_.（分数：2.00）A.contradictory needs from the consumersB.mutually corresponding psychological demands on the consumersC.for
19、good workers who lead orderly, law-abiding livesD.messages to get people to be good consumers(3).According to the “discipline“ or “traditional values“ theme_.（分数：2.00）A.there are dual messages for the psychological consequencesB.one should sacrifice himself for the interest of the commonwealthC.peop
20、le would stay in an unhappy marriageD.the individual is glad to do unpleasant work at low wages(4).Which of the following is NOT true with the “enjoy yourself“ message?（分数：2.00）A.It is a different kind of personality from others.B.It is one that is self-centered.C.I like to do what makes me feel goo
21、d.D.I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.(5).From the last paragraph we may infer that_.（分数：2.00）A.there is a fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer cultureB.pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is popular in our societyC.one should not default on ones billsD.American society is
22、not as secure as people assume五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The 1920s was the decade of advertising. The advertising men went wild: everything from salt to household coal was being nationally advertised. Of course, ads had been around for a long time. But something new was happening, in terms of both scal
23、e and strategy. For the first time, business began to use advertising as a psychological weapon against consumers. Without their product, the consumer would be left unmarried, fall victim to a terrible disease, or be passed over for a promotion. N/Is developed an association between the product and
24、ones very identity. Eventually they came to promise everything and anything-from self-esteem to status, friendship, and love.This psychological approach was a response to the economic dilemma business faced. Americans in the middle classes and above (to whom virtually all advertising was targeted) w
25、ere no longer buying to satisfy basic needs-such as food, clothing and shelter. These had been met. Advertisers had to persuade consumers to acquire things they most certainly did not need. In other words, production would have to “create the wants it sought to satisfy“. This is exactly what manufac
26、turers tried to do. The normally conservative telephone company attempted to transform the plain telephone into a luxury, urging families to buy “all the telephones that they can conveniently use, rather than the smallest amount they can get along with“ . One ad campaign targeted fifteen phones as t
27、he style for a wealthy home.Business clearly understood the nature of the problem. According to one historian: “Business had learned as never before the importance of the final consumer. Unless he or she could be persuaded to buy, and buy extravagantly, the whole stream of new cars, cigarettes, wome
28、ns make-up, and electric refrigerators would be dammed up at its outlets.“But would the consumer be equal to her/his task as the foundation of private enterprise? A top executive of one American car manufacturer stated the matter bluntly: business needs to create a dissatisfied consumer; its mission
29、 is “the organized creation of dissatisfaction“. This executive led the way by introducing annual model changes for his companys cars, designed to make the consumer unhappy with what he or she already had. Other companies followed his lead. Economic success now depended on the promotion of qualities
30、 like waste and self-indulgence.The campaign to create new and unlimited wants did not go unchallenged. Trade unions and those working for social reform understood the long-term consequences of materialism for most Americans: it would keep them locked in capitalisms trap. The consumption of luxuries
31、 required long hours at work. Business was explicit in its resistance to increases in free time, preferring consumption as the alternative to taking economic progress in the form of leisure. In effect, business offered up the cycle of work-and-spend.（分数：10.00）(1).The 1920s advertising men went wild_
32、.（分数：2.00）A.about salt and household coalB.over their ads scale and strategyC.about a psychological weaponD.to develop an association between the product and the consumer(2).A typical example of “create the wants it sought to satisfy“ is_.（分数：2.00）A.acquiring things they most certainly did not needB
33、.transforming the plain telephone into a luxuryC.fifteen phones as the style for a wealthy homeD.buying all the telephones that they can conveniently use(3).The importance of the final consumer lies in_.（分数：2.00）A.the potential buying powerB.the nature of the problemC.changing the products into capi
34、talD.the demands for various merchandises(4).Business needs to create a dissatisfied consumer because it_.（分数：2.00）A.promotes competitionB.helps improve productionC.puts higher standard on the manufacturerD.pushes forward product renovation(5).According to the passage, the term “materialism“ refers
35、to_.（分数：2.00）A.a theory that physical matter is the only realityB.a doctrine that the only values lie in material well-beingC.a doctrine that economic or social change is materially causedD.a focus on material rather than intellectual or spiritual things六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：10.00)You may fall prey to a
36、 nonviolent but frightening and fast-growing crime: identity theft. It happens to at least 500, 000 new victims each year, according to government figures. And it happens very easily because every identification number you have Social Security, credit card, drivers license, telephone- “is a key that
37、 unlocks some storage of money or goods,“ says a fraud program manager of the US Postal Service. “So if you throw away your credit card receipt and I get it and use the number on it, Im not becoming you, but to the credit card company Ive become your account.“One major problem, experts say, is that
38、the Social Security Number (SSN) originally meant only for retirement benefit and tax purposes has become the universal way to identify people. It is used as identification by the military, colleges and in billions of commercial transactions.Yet a shrewd thief can easily snatch your SSN, not only by
39、 stealing your wallet, but also by taking mail from your box, going through your trash for discarded receipts and bills or asking for it over the phone on some pretext.Using your SSN, the thief applies for a credit card in your name, asking that it be sent to a different address than yours, and uses
40、 it for multiple purchases. A couple of months later the credit card company, or its debt collection agency, presses you for payment.You dont have to pay the debt, but you must clean up your damaged credit record. That means getting a police report and copy of the erroneous contract, and then using
41、them to clear the fraud from your credit report, which is held by a credit bureau. Each step can require a huge amount of effort.In the Collins case, the clearance of the erroneous charges from their record required three years of poring over records and 6, 000 in solicitors fees. In the meantime, t
42、hey were denied a loan to build a vacation home, forced to pay cash for a new heating and cooling system, hounded by debt collectors, and embarrassed by the spectacle of having their home watched by investigators looking for the missing car.Of course, thousands of people are caught and prosecuted fo
43、r identity theft. But it was only last year that Congress made identity theft itself a federal crime. That law set up a special government office to help victims regain their lost credit and to streamline police efforts by tracking cases on a national scale.Consumer advocates say this may help but w
44、ill not address the basic problems, which, they believe, are causing the outbreak in identity theft: industrys rush to attract more customers by issuing instant credit, inadequate checking of identity, and too few legal protections for consumers personal information.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the follow
45、ing may least make you fall prey to a nonviolent crime?（分数：2.00）A.Your Social Security Number.B.Your credit card receipt.C.Your drivers license.D.Your telephon(2).The most commonly used trick for a shrewd thief is_.（分数：2.00）A.peeping into commercial transactionsB.seizing your SSNC.taking mail from y
46、our boxD.asking you over the phone(3).If the thief applies for a credit card in your name, you _.（分数：2.00）A.shouldnt bother it at allB.had better pay for your carelessnessC.should get a report from the policeD.have to spend much effort to tackle it(4).The Collins case impress that_.（分数：2.00）A.the cl
47、earance of the erroneous charges is not easyB.they could not apply a loan to build a vacation homeC.they have to pay cash for almost everythingD.it is embarrassed to clean up the damaged credit record(5).The best title for the passage may be_.（分数：2.00）A.Stolen Identity: A New EpidemicB.Guard against
48、 Identity TheftC.How to Keep Your Identity SafeD.Be Cautious of Using Your SSN七、Text 4(总题数：1，分数：10.00)By the mid-sixties, blue jeans were an essential part of the wardrobe of those with a commitment to social struggle. In the American Deep South, black farmers and grandchildren of slaves still segre
49、gated from whites, continued to wear jeans in their mid-nineteenth-century sense; but now they were joined by college students-black and white-in a battle to overturn deeply embedded race hatred. The clothes of the workers became a sacred bond between them. The clothing of toil came to signify the dignity of struggle.In the student rebellion and the antiwar movement that followed, blue jeans and work shirts provided a contrast to the uniforms of the dominant culture. Jeans were the opposite of
