1、考研英语-951 及答案解析(总分：92.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Section Use of Eng(总题数：1，分数：10.00)As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast agricultural hinterland. Market days (1) the crowded city even more c
2、rowded, as farmers from within a (2) of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, vegetables, cider and other products for direct sale to the (3) . The High Street Market was continuously (4) throughout the period until 1736, (5) it (6) from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on S
3、econd Street. The next year the Callow Hill Market began (7) . Along with market days, the (8) of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia (9) after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities. The (10) provided a means of bringing handmade goods from (11) places to would
4、-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, (12) , were popular items. Auctions were another popular (13) of trade. Because of the competition, retail (14) opposed these as well as the fairs. (15) governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the
5、ordinary (16) of economic development was on the merchantsside, as increasing business specialization became the (17) of the day. Export merchants became differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear (18) general stores selling a variety of goods. One of the r
6、easons Philadelphias merchants prospered was because the surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth. They did their business, (19) , in the capital city of the province, (20) to not only the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony.（分数：10.00）(1).
7、A. followed B. saw C. witted D. increased（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(2).A. radiation B. extent C. radius D. territory（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(3).A. townspeople B. farmers C. merchants D. governors（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(4).A. envisioned B. endangered C. enriched D. enlarged（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(5).A. that B. what C. how D. wh
8、en（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(6).A. varied B. ranged C. reached D. differed（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(7).A. operation B. sale C. cooperation D. corporation（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(8).A. culture B. institution C. deed D. malpractice（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(9).A. therefore B. hardly C. still D. even（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(10).A. state B. f
9、airs C. farmers D. cities（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(11).A. outweighing B. outreaching C. outlying D. outrageous（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(12).A. however B. for example C. moreover D. in comparison（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(13).A. solution B. format C. style D. form（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(14).A. merchants B. farmers C. businessmen D
10、. citizens（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(15).A. Now that B. Since C. Although D. If（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(16).A. course B. trick C. velocity D. hatch（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(17).A. command B. order C. recommendationD. sequence（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(18).A. in addition to B. for the purpose of C. with regard to D. at the risk of（分
11、数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(19).A. for all B. above all C. at all D. after all（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.(20).A. resorting B. turning C. catering D. committing（分数：0.50）A.B.C.D.二、Section Reading Co(总题数：0，分数：0.00)三、Part A(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、Text 1(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Someone has calculated that by the time an American reaches the
12、age of 40, he or she has been exposed to one million ads. Another estimate is that we have encountered more than 600, 000 ads by the time we reach the age of only 18. Now, of course, we dont remember what exactly they said or even what the product was, but a composite message gets through: that you
13、deserve the best, that you should have it now, and that its okay to indulge yourself, because you deserve the compliments, sex appeal, or adventure you are going to get as a result of buying this car or those cigarettes.Our consumer-based economy makes two absolutely reciprocal psychological demands
14、 on its members. On the one hand, you need the “discipline“ values to ensure that people will be good workers and lead orderly, law-abiding lives. On the other hand, you need the “enjoy yourself“ messages to get people to be good consumers. One author was disturbed about the “enjoy yourself“ side, b
15、ut acknowledged that “without a means of stimulating mass consumption, the very structure of our business enterprise would collapse.“The interesting question has to do with the psychological consequences of the discrepancy between the dual messages. The “discipline“ or “traditional values“ theme dem
16、ands that one compartment of the personality have a will strong enough to keep the individual doing unpleasant work at low wages, or to stay in an unhappy marriage, and, in general, to do things for the good of the commonwealth.The “enjoy yourself“ message, on the other hand, tends to encourage a ve
17、ry different kind of personality-one that is self-centered, based on impulse, and is unwilling to delay rewards. As an illustration, I cant. resist reciting one of my favorite ads of all time, an ad from a psychology magazine: “I love me. Im just a good friend to myself. And I like to do what makes
18、me feel good. I used to sit around, putting things off till tomorrow. Tomorrow Ill drink champagne, and buy a set of pearls, and pick up that new stereo. But now I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.“So what happens to us as we take in these opposing messages, as we are, in fact, torn between the op
19、posite personality types that our society seems to require of us? Tile result is anxiety, fear, and a mysterious dread. The fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer culture is real: the credit card company is not friendly when you default on your bills. And we all know that the path
20、of pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is a recipe for financial ruin-for most of us, anyway-and that, in American society, there isnt much of a safety net to catch you if you fall.（分数：10.00）(1).From the first paragraph we know that ads in America are very_.A. pervasive B. successful C. convincin
21、g D. impressive（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).According to the passage, the “discipline“ values and the “enjoy yourself“ are_.A. contradictory needs from the consumersB. mutually corresponding psychological demands on the consumersC. for good workers who lead orderly, law-abiding livesD. messages to get peopl
22、e to be good consumers（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).According to the “discipline“ or “traditional values“ theme_.A. there are dual messages for the psychological consequencesB. one should sacrifice himself for the interest of the commonwealthC. people would stay in an unhappy marriageD. the individual is gla
23、d to do unpleasant work at low wages（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the following is NOT true with the “enjoy yourself“ message?A. It is a different kind of personality from others.B. It is one that is self-centered.C. I like to do what makes me feel good.D. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow.（分数：2.
24、00）A.B.C.D.(5).From the last paragraph we may infer that_.A. there is a fear of being sucked in and dragged down by our consumer cultureB. pleasure-seeking and blind acquisition is popular in our societyC. one should not default on ones billsD. American society is not as secure as people assume（分数：2
25、.00）A.B.C.D.五、Text 2(总题数：1，分数：10.00)Despite the doubts, and despite complaints from shop owners, Londons congestion charge -introduced in February 2003 - has managed to ease the gridlock in the city centre. Traffic is down by 18%, jams by 30%. The schemes biggest weakness is that it is crude: driver
26、s pay 8 ($14) to enter the zone between 7am and 6:30pm, regardless of how congested the roads are, or how long they stay.So road-pricing fans are watching trials by Transport for London (TfL) of a new detection system, called tag-and-beacon, with interest. Under such a scheme (used in Singapore and
27、on some European roads) cars are fitted with electronic tags that are read by roadside masts. If the trial is successful, TfL says that the city could switch to the system once the contract to run the congestion charge is re-let in 2009.Currently, cameras are used to read license plates and track mo
28、torists. They are not always reliable: an individual camera identifies only around 70% of cars. Most driven get photographed more than once, which boosts the systems effectiveness to over 95%, but that still leaves several thousand vehicles per day whose details must be laboriously checked by hand.
29、Tag-and-beacon technology is much more accurate, with an identification rate of over 99%.TfL says the trial is partly designed to see whether the new system could allow drivers to pay charges by direct debit. That would be popular with motorists, who complain that the current payment system is unfri
30、endly: the toll for a day s travel must be paid manually - online, by phone or in a shop - by midnight, with steep fines levied on forgetful drivers.More precise detection also allows for more precision in policy, and road-pricing enthusiasts see radical possibilities ahead. TfL says it is consideri
31、ng using the new technology to charge drivers each time they cross the zone boundary (up to a daily maximum), instead of paying once for an entire days travel. That would be cheaper for drivers who make few trips into the zone, although drivers who spend a long time trundling around without leaving
32、(thereby causing the most congestion) would get off lightly, too.Further refinements may be possible. The current system has cut traffic most drastically in the middle of the day, when congestion is at its lowest. Demand for road space would better match supply if charges were variable - high at the
33、 busiest times of day and low in quiet periods.Such a time-sensitive, variable-charging scheme using a tag-and-beacon system was endorsed last year by Bob Kiley, the TfLs boss, who also said that he wanted to extend the congestion charge to other parts of London. That would be controversial, and Mr.
34、 Kileys underlings were quick to insist that his musings were not official policy. But the original scheme was controversial too, yet Ken Livingstone, Londons mayor and its biggest backer, was re-elected after introducing it. It would be a shame if timidity took hold now.（分数：10.00）(1).From paragraph
35、 1, we know that Londons congestion charge schemeA. has got much support from shop owners.B. has reduced 18% of traffic jams.C. asks $14 for entering the city center after 7pm.D. demands same charges from drivers in spite of road conditions.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(2).The tag-and-beacon systemA. is being t
36、ested by road-pricing fans.B. has been used on European roads.C. need cars to be equipped with electronic tags.D. will be carried out in 2009.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(3).The new detection technology has an identification rate ofA. 30%. B. over99%. C. 70%. D. over 95%.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.(4).Which of the follo
37、wing statements is true about TfL?A. It will re-let the contract to run the congestion charge.B. It conducts the trim of the new detection system.C. It is thinking of charging drivers once for an entire days travel.D. Its boss ever wanted to extend the congestion charge to other cities.（分数：2.00）A.B.
38、C.D.(5).From the last paragraph, we can infer thatA. Bob Kiley as TfLs boss approved the new scheme.B. Mr. Kileys underlings confirmed his suggestion.C. Londons mayor disagrees Mr. Kileys idea.D. Ken Livingstone would feel shameful if he changed the scheme.（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D.六、Text 3(总题数：1，分数：6.00)Las
39、t week, Utah federal Judge Paul G. Cassell handed a 22-year sentence to a man who beat an elderly woman to death with a log. A few hours later, Judge Cassell sentenced a 25-year-old first-time drug offender to 55 years.If you think Judge Cassell liked sentencing a small-change drug dealer to more ti
40、me than a violent killer, guess again. The judge had no choice. Federal law demanded the sentence, despite Judge Cassells pointed questioning if there was a “rational basis“ for sentencing Weldon H. Angelos, the father of two young children, to more time than he could sentence a hijacker, murder or
41、rapist.Blame federal mandatory minimum sentencing rules. A jury found Angelos guilty on three separate charges of possessing a firearm while he sold a half-pound of marijuana for 350. The first charge of possessing a gun during a drug transaction brought a five-year sentence-the second two charges b
42、rought 25 years each. That adds up to 55 years, so even if Angelos were found guilty of selling 1,050 of drugs, Judge Cassell had to follow the rules and sentence him to 55 years on the gun charges. (The judge did use a recent federal ruling in reducing the sentence for the drug-selling crimes to on
43、e day. )Judge Cassell was right to impose the draconian sentence. If he ignored federal law, he would place himself above it.Instead, Judge Cassell sentenced Angelus as the law directed, even as he righteously hectored Congress to rewrite federal drug laws so first-time offenders dont serve more tim
44、e than dangerous career criminals. The judge also urged Angelus attorney, Jerome H. Mooney, to appeal the sentence and, if appeals fail, seek a presidential commutation.While civil-rights advocates across America protested the sentence, the Utah US Attorneys office defended the system. To prosecutor
45、s, Angelus is no Buy Scout. Officials found some 26 empty duffel hags with marijuana residue. Local feds believed Angelus was a big drug dealer, Assistant US Attorney Robert Lund told me, and associated with a violent street gang.Let me say this: Angelus never was a good poster boy for the movement
46、to humanize draconian federal drug laws. Angelus turned down a plea-bargain sentence of 16 years. He is considered a first-time offender only because a juvenile gun conviction was expunged from his record. And even if Angelos didnt wave his gun in peoples faces, he nonetheless brought a gun with him
47、 during the transactions.But Angelos has become a national cause celebre because of Judge Cassell. There are more egregious examples of first-time offenders sentenced to decades for petty dealing, but they didnt come before a judge vocally opposed to the heavy handed nature of federal drug sentencin
48、g.That said, it simply doesnt make sense that federal sentences often are tougher on small-time drug offenders than on violent criminals. But it happens all the time.（分数：6.00）(1).The word “draconian“ (Line 1, Paragraph 4) may probably meanA. federal. B. separate. C. tough. D. guilty.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D
49、.(2).We can learn from the text that Judge CassellA. ignored the federal law.B. sentenced Angelos according to the federal law he wrote.C. was a friend of Jerome H. Mooney.D. thought his sentence was tough.（分数：1.20）A.B.C.D.(3).By saying that “Angelos has Become a national cause celebre“ (Line 1, Paragraph 8), the author implies thatA. Angelos was the first one who turned down a plea-bargain.B. Angelos was the first one sentenced to decades for petty dealings.C. Angelos was the first one opposing to the heavy-handed nature of fed
