1、考研英语-试卷 184及答案解析(总分：142.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_In the nineteenth century Charles Dickens, the English novelist, wrote excitedly (1)_
2、a stage-coach, pulled along by a team of horses, that could (2)_ more than twenty miles of road within sixty minutes. To us in the twentieth century in (3)_ man is able to move and to communicate with such rapidity, the (4)_ of the stage-coach seems no speed at all. Aeroplanes fly many hundreds of m
3、iles in an hour; express trains (5)_ four times the speed of the stage-coach; and even without (6)_ we can, by wireless or telegraph, communicate within seconds with people on (7)_ side of the“ globe. The (8)_ of these increased speeds are numerous. Business (9)_ say, from Europe to America or to th
4、e Far East can save much time. (10)_ a journey that would once have taken weeks, it (11)_ now, by air, only twenty-four hours. Fruit, vegetables and other goods that would decay (12)_ a long, slow journey can now be safely sent to far-distant places. Members of one family (13)_ each other by vast di
5、stances can have conversations with each other by telephone (14)_if they were all sitting in the same room. Not ail the effects of speed, however, are (15)_ People who are in the habit of using a motor car (16)_ they want to move half a mile become physically lazy and lose the (17)_ of enjoying a vi
6、gorous walk. Those who travel through a country at eighty miles a hour do not see much of the life of that country, of its people and animals and plants, as they flash (18)_ They become so anxious about moving quickly from one place to another that they are (19)_ able to relax and enjoy a (20)_ jour
7、ney.（分数：40.00）A.forB.inC.atD.ofA.discoverB.coverC.moveD.pullA.whichB.thatC.whatD.itA.movementB.speedC.travelD.runningA.agreeB.actC.achieveD.affectA.talkingB.racingC.speakingD.movingA.the otherB.anotherC.otherD.the anotherA.agreementsB.disagreementsC.advantagesD.disadvantageA.travelling menB.men trav
8、ellingC.travelled menD.men travelledA.ForB.OnC.InD.DuringA.makesB.hasC.happensD.takesA.fromB.onC.aboutD.downA.separating fromB.from separatedC.separated fromD.from separatedA.as easily asB.as eagerly asC.as firmly asD.as quietly asA.benefitB.beneficentC.beneficialD.beneficiallyA.whateverB.wheneverC.
9、howeverD.whereverA.speedB.journeyC.habitD.powerA.passedB.pastC.awayD.apartA.no longerB.for everC.at allD.no doubtA.leisureB.friendlyC.quickD.leisurely二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：58.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions belo
10、w each text by choosing A, B, C or D._As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching the surprising thing about computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The early electronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous mem
11、ory and some good math skills. But today the best models can be wired up to learn by experience, follow an argument, ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzling conversations. Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets bett
12、er. Finally, the line between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see the computer as a new form of life. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the c
13、omputer“s brain just as a new form of life. Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, they often surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has an inherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of inform
14、ation simultaneously and acting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up. We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate, while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased t
15、en times every eight years since 1846. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoning power of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain. That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past, we can expect
16、 that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he has surpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the new species must be man“s flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likely to be made of silicon.（
17、分数：10.00）(1).What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?_（分数：2.00）A.He believed that ladies, ere born worse preachers than menB.He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as menC.He disapproved of ladies preachingD.He encouraged ladies to pre
18、ach(2).Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of_（分数：2.00）A.decision makingB.drives and feelingsC.growth of reasoning powerD.information absorption(3).In terms of making decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computer because_（分数：2.00）A.in the long process of evolution t
19、he slow pace of life didn“t require such an ability of the human brainB.the human brain is influenced by other factors such as motivation and emotionC.the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situationD.computers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers(4).Though h
20、e thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn“t mean that_.（分数：2.00）A.computers are likely to become a new form of intelligent lifeB.human beings have lost control of computersC.the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beingsD.the evolution of in
21、telligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains(5).According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?_（分数：2.00）A.Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and bloodB.Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a manC.The reasoning power of computers
22、 has already surpassed that of manD.Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matterTraditionally, the study of history has had fixed boundaries and focal pointsperiods, countries, dramatic events, and great leaders. It also has had clear and firm notions of scholar procedure: h
23、ow one inquires into a historical problem, how one presents and documents one“s findings, what constitutes admissible and adequate proof. Anyone who has followed recent historical literature can testify to the revolution that is taking place in historical studies. The currently fashionable subjects
24、come directly from the sociology catalog: childhood, work, leisure. The new subjects are accompanied by new methods. Where history once was primarily narrative, it is now entirely analytic. The old questions “What happened?“ and “How did it happen?“ have given way to the question “Why did it happen?
25、 Prominent among the methods used to answer the question “Why“ is psychoanalysis, and its use has given rise to psychohistory. Psychohistory does not merely use psychological explanations in historical contexts. Historians have always used such explanations when they were appropriate and when there
26、was sufficient evidence for them. But this pragmatic use of psychology is not what psychohistorians intend. They are committed, not just to psychology in general, but to Freudian psychoanalysis. This commitment precludes a commitment to history as historians have always understood it. Psychohistory
27、derives its “facts“ not from history, the detailed records of events and their consequences, but from psychoanalysis of the individuals who made history, and deduces its theories not from this or that instance in their lives, but from a view of human nature that transcends history. It denies the bas
28、ic criterion of historical evidence: that evidence be publicly accessible to, and therefore assessable by, all historians. And it violates the basic tenet of historical method: that historians be alert to the negative instances that would refute their theses. Psychohistorians, convinced of the absol
29、ute rightness of their own theories, are also convinced that theirs is the “deepest“ explanation of any event that other explanations fall short of the truth. Psychohistory is not content to violate the discipline of history (in the sense of the proper mode of studying and writing about the past); i
30、t also violates the past itself. It denies to the past an integrity and will of its own, in which people acted out of a variety of motives and in which events had a multiplicity of causes and effects. It imposes upon the present, thus robbing people and events of their individuality and of their com
31、plexity. Instead of respecting the particularity of the past, it assimilates all events, past and present, into single deterministic schema that is presumed to be true at all times and in all circumstances.（分数：10.00）(1).Which of the following best states the main point of the passage?_（分数：2.00）A.The
32、 approach of psychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical methodB.Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings ofpsychohistoriansC.Areas of sociological study such as childhood an
33、d work are of little interest to traditionalhistoriansD.History is composed of unique and nonrepeating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of publicly verifiable evidence(2).It can be inferred from the passage that one way in which traditional history can be distinguished from psy
34、chohistory is that traditional history usually_（分数：2.00）A.views past events as complex and having their own individualityB.relies on a single interpretation of human behavior to explain historical eventsC.interprets historical events in such a way that their specific nature is transcendedD.turns to
35、psychological explanations in historical contexts to account for events(3).It can be inferred from the passage that the methods used by psychohistorians probably prevent them from_（分数：2.00）A.presenting their material in chronological orderB.producing a onesided picture of an individual“s personality
36、 and motivationsC.uncovering alternative explanations that might cause them to question their own conclusionsD.offering a consistent interpretation of the impact of personality on historical events(4).The passage supplies information for answering which of the following questions?_（分数：2.00）A.What ar
37、e some specific examples of the use of psychohistory in historical interpretation?B.When were the conventions governing the practice of traditional history first established?C.What sort of historical figure is best suited for psychohistorical analysis?D.What is the basic criterion of historical evid
38、ence required by traditional historians?(5).Which of the following does the author mention as a characteristic of the practice of psychohistorians?_（分数：2.00）A.The lives of historical figures are presented in episodic rather than narrative formB.Archives used by psychohistorians to gather material ar
39、e not accessible to other scholarsC.Past and current events are all placed within the same deterministic schemaD.Events in the adult life of a-historical figure are seen to be more consequential than arethose in the childhood of the figureAfter decades of exile from US courts, the science of lie det
40、ection is gaining new acceptance. But the federal government wants to put a stop to it, and the US Supreme Court has now agreed to consider a request from the Department of Justice to bar the technology from military courts. Uncertainties surround the science of lie detection, which uses a device ca
41、lled polygraph. In 1991, President George Bush banned lie detector evidence in military courts. But that ban has since been overturned by the US Court of Military Appeals, which ruled that it restricts defendants“ rights to present evidence of their innocence. In the past two years, some federal cou
42、rts have also ruled “that polygraph evidence can be heard. This follows a decision by the Supreme Court in 1993 that gave federal judges more discretion to decide on the admissibility of evidence. A polygraph consists of monitors for pulse rate, sweating and breathing rate. The device is supposed to
43、 uncover lies by recording increases in these measures as the subject answers questions. Critics have always argued that cunning defendants can control their physiological responses and sway polygraph results. But supporters of the technique argue that recent research has found it to be reliable. A
44、psychologist named Charles Honts at a state university in Idaho, points to laboratory studies, some of them being his own, in which student-subjects were offered cash to sway the test results. This argument is rejected by Leonard Saxe, a psychologist at a Boston university. “There is a huge differen
45、ce between students in a lab and a defendant,“ he says. Guilty defendants have time in which to rehearse their lies, and can even come to believe them to be true. Saxe believes that the entire theoretical basis of lie detection is invalid. “It assumes you will be more nervous lying than telling the
46、truth.“ But he says that for some people lies are trivial, while certain truths can be hard to swallow. David Faigman of the University of California says that if the Supreme Court upholds the military appeal courts decision to allow polygraph evidence, polygraph bans would be overturned in federal
47、courts across US. “That will put a big burden on judges to understand the science, and lead to a lot more expert testimony in the courts,“ he predicts. The justice department fears that this will greatly increase the cost of trials.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, which organizations raised t
48、he proposal to stop the practice of lie detection evidence in military court?_（分数：2.00）A.Federal GovernmentB.US Supreme CourtC.Department of JusticeD.Military Courts(2).Why has President Bush“s ban on lie detector evidence in military courts in 1991 been overturned?_（分数：2.00）A.Because lie detection is surrounded by uncertaintiesB.Because it restricts the defendants“ rights to prove that they are innocentC.Because 12 states also allow lie detection evidence to be heard in courtsD.Becaus
