1、考研英语 180及答案解析(总分：36.00，做题时间：180 分钟)一、Section Use of (总题数：1，分数：1.00)There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be fe
2、lt. A book is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuri
3、es to 7 . When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading s
4、ome 12 things are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we nee
5、d today are not necessarily to be found between 16 There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the age
6、s 20 fresh, razor-edged analytical thought. （分数：1.00）(1).There is nothing illogical or synthetic about the humility ( modesty ) of great bookmen in calling attention to the limitations of the book. No book can 1 us to know everything that is to be known, or feel everything that is to be felt. A book
7、 is part of life, not a substitute 2 it. It is not a fit 3 for worship or enshrinement. It loses its charm and much of its value when accepted 4 No one would have been more 5 than Aristotle if he could have known of the excessive and 6 veneration that would be given to his ideas in centuries to 7 .
8、When his works became the 8 words of advance knowledge, 9 knowledge became neither advanced nor vital. The particular occasion for these remarks is that there are 10 here and there that some of us in the book world may be 11 ourselves too seriously. In the effort to increase book reading some 12 thi
9、ngs are being said about books. It is made to 13 that nothing is happening now that has not happened before, and that the only true approach to understanding is 14 books. We do neither service nor justice to books by 15 upon them such omnipotence and omniscience. Many of the answers we need today ar
10、e not necessarily to be found between 16 There are elements of newness in the present 17 of man that will not readily be 18 of by required reading or ready reference. Books are not slide rules or blueprints for 19 automatic answers. What is needed is a mighty blend of the wisdom of the ages 20 fresh
11、, razor-edged analytical thought. （分数：0.05）A.informB.promiseC.enableD.assureA.ofB.forC.toD.withA.disturbedB.disguisedC.intervenedD.interruptedA.dreadfulB.respectfulC.harmfulD.faithfulA.goB.comeC.passD.emergA.bigB.endC.lateD.lastA.suchB.muchC.mostD.thisA.symbolsB.signsC.marksD.trailsA.confiningB.dema
12、ndingC.takingD.pushingA.extraordinaryB.exceptionalC.excessiveD.extravagantA.showB.appearC.proveD.indicateA.throughB.withC.amongD.fromA.subjectB.issueC.matterD.mageA.focusB.conferringC.imposingD.installingA.pagesB.coversC.linesD.wordsA.positionB.situationC.statusD.dilemmaA.disposedB.discernedC.discha
13、rgedD.dispersedA.polishingB.regulatingC.furnishingD.forwardingA.fromB.withC.overD.forA.unreasonablyB.unprofitablyC.unwillinglyD.uncritically二、Section Writing(总题数：1，分数：1.00)1. (1) Interpret the following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons. (1) Interpret th
14、e following pictures. (2) Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.*（分数：1.00）_三、Section Reading(总题数：4，分数：4.00)Scientific tradition demands that scientific papers follow the formal progression :method first, results second, conclusion third. The rules permit no hint that, as
15、often happens, the method was really made up as the scientist went along, or that accidental results determined the method, or that the scientist reached certain conclusions before the results were all in, or that he started out with certain conclusions, or that he started doing a different experime
16、nt. Much scientific writing not only misrepresents the workings of science but also does a disservice to scientists themselves. By writing reports that make scientific investigations sound as unvarying and predictable as the sunrise, scientists tend to spread the curious notion that science is infal
17、lible. That many of them are unconscious of the effect they create does not alter the image in the popular mind. We hear time and again of the superiority of the “scientific method“. In fact, the word “unscientific“ has almost become a synonym for “untrue“. Yet the final evaluation of any set of dat
18、a is an individual, subjective judgment; and all human judgment is liable to error. Thoughtful scientists realize all this; but you wouldnt gather so from reading most scientific literature. A self-important, stiff and unnatural style too often seizes the pen of the experimenter the moment he starts
19、 putting words on paper. Editors of scientific publications are not without their reasons for the current style of scientific writing. Their journals arent rich. Paper and printing are expensive. Therefore, it is helpful to condense articles as much as possible. Under pressure of tradition, the cond
20、ensation process removes the human elements first. And few scientific writers rebel against the tradition. Even courageous men do not go out of their way to publicize their deviations from accepted procedures. Then ,too, there is an apparent objectivity and humbleness attached to the third person, p
21、assive voice writing technique adopted in the preparation of most scientific papers. So, bit by bit, the true face of science becomes hidden behind what seems to the outsider to be a self-satisfied all-knowing mask. Is it any wonder that in the popular literature the scientist often appears as a hyb
22、rid superman-spoiled child? No small contribution to modern culture could be the simple introduction, into the earliest stage of our public-school science courses, of a natural style of writing about laboratory experiments as they really happen. This is something that could be done immediately with
23、the opening of classes this fall. It requires no preparation except a psychological acknowledgment of the obvious fact that the present form of reporting experiments is a mental tie whose very appearance is calculated to repel the imaginative young minds science so badly needs. （分数：1.00）(1).The trad
24、itional demands on writing scientific papers（分数：0.20）A.require well worked-out methods in experiment.B.ask for elimination of any accidental outcomes.C.refuse inconformity of conclusions with results.D.conflict with actual conditions as often as not.(2).Most scientific papers turn out to be（分数：0.20）
25、A.deterioration of the workings of science.B.degeneration of service to scientists.C.rigid formats of all scientific reports.D.belief in the full correctness of science.(3).The author strongly appeals（分数：0.20）A.to brave scientists to break with accepted writing procedures.B.for immediate changes in
26、current form of reporting experiments.C.to young scientists to use their imaginations to activate science.D.for bringing the natural scientific writing into school education.(4).The author points out that thoughtful scientists（分数：0.20）A.realize the universal truth “to err is human“.B.have confidence
27、 in the precision of their work.C.are unaware of the effect of their writings.D.tend to be seized with subjective wishes.(5).A traditional scientific writing may begin:（分数：0.20）A.“I was just fooling around one day when it occurred to me that.“B.“In view of recent evidence for.theory, it seemed advis
28、able to.“C.“For no good reason at all I hit on a way to solve the puzzle that.“D.“No one can imagine how we were surprised at what happened.“The immune system is equal in complexity to the combined intricacies of the brain and nervous system. The success of the immune system in defending the body re
29、lies on a dynamic regulatory communications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive. The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune r
30、esponse that is prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting. At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self. When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the immune troops move quickly to eliminate the inva
31、ders. Virtually every body cell carries distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The bodys immune defenses do not normally attack tissues that carry a self marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immun
32、e system attacks a non-self molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly. With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation ( 哺乳期 ), this so-call
33、ed immune system memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-self molecules in the sea of microbes in which we live. Learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and ce
34、lls to match up with and counteract each non-self invader. Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or cells from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers ) act as antigens; because the immune system recognize
35、s transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the digestive system into their primary, non-antigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called e
36、pitopes( 抗原决定基), which stick out from its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situatio
37、ns does the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be so-called autoimmune disease. The painful side effects of these diseases are caused by a persons immune system actually attacking itself （分数：1.00）(1).We know from the text that the
38、immune system（分数：0.20）A.is no less complicated than the nervous system.B.far exceeds the human brain in intricacy.C.is surrounded by numerous sensitive cells.D.results in an effective communications network.(2).The principal task of the immune system is to（分数：0.20）A.recognize and reject all alien mo
39、lecules that enter the body.B.remove all the substances that invade the body organisms.C.defend the body from attacks of different viruses or bacteria.D.identify and specify all non-self molecules it encounters.(3).The main idea of the text may be generalized as（分数：0.20）A.the ability of the immune s
40、ystem to distinguish foreign molecules.B.the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system in the body.C.the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ transplantation.D.the essential duties of the immune system in the defence of the body.(4).The remembering power of a persons immune sy
41、stem is（分数：0.20）A.mostly descended from his/her ancestors.B.partially passed down from his/her mother.C.mainly acquired through fighting foreign cells.D.basically generated by communications network.(5).A tissue transplanted from father to daughter would be less acceptable than that transplanted bet
42、ween twins because（分数：0.20）A.the ages of the twins tissues are exactly alike.B.the twins tissues bear the same self-markers.C.the father and daughter are different in sex.D.the twins molecules possess identical memory.In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to informational nee
43、ds become complicated. Many of lifes problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expert information and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many people today.
44、 In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War . As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be availa
45、ble when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow of information about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learned subconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciously learned. Adding to societal chan
46、ges today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimes even overwhelming. Coupled with the gro
47、wing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machine readable files, and to pro
48、gram computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant o
49、f occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled Without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those peopl
