1、考研英语（一）模拟试卷 208 及答案解析(总分：144.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）_If the technological revolution continues to have its effects, there will be fewe
2、r and fewer jobs available, particularly to school-leavers and those over the age of fifty. 【C1】_ there are only half the number of jobs in the future, men and women will have to share them. Two people will 【C2】_ work only twenty hours each 【C3】_ the forty they are currently 【C4】_ to. It is a well-k
3、nown fact that those who suffer from stress at work are often not high-powered executives but 【C5】_ workers doing boring, 【C6】_ jobs, especially those on production lines. Unemployment often has a 【C7】_ effect on its victims. If we wish to prevent this type of stress and the depression that frequent
4、ly follows long periods of it, we will have to find ways of educating people to 【C8】_ this sudden increase in leisure time. Many have already 【C9】_ pills and tablets to 【C10】_ sleeplessness and anxiety, two of the symptoms of long-term stress and depression. In America, we 【C11】_ $650 million a year
5、 on different kinds of medicines. We 【C12】_ an astonishing three million sleeping tablets every night. 【C13】_ these “drug of the mind“ can be extremely useful in cases of crisis, the majority of patients would be 【C14】_ without them. The boredom and frustration of unemployment are not the only 【C15】
6、_ of stress: poor housing, family problems, overcrowding and financial worry are all significant factors. 【C16】_, doctors believe that if people learnt to breathe properly, took more exercise, used their leisure time more 【C17】_ and expressed their anger instead of 【C18】_ it up, they would not depen
7、d so much on drugs, 【C19】_ treat only the 【C20】_ and not the cause of the stress.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.ThoughB.WhenC.SinceD.If(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.otherwiseB.subsequentlyC.thereforeD.simultaneously(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.instead ofB.other thanC.no more thanD.as well as(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.amountedB.pu
8、tC.accustomedD.familiarized(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.efficientB.deficientC.skillfulD.unskilled(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.repetitiveB.challengingC.demandingD.exhausted(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.similarB.sameC.diverseD.different(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.idle awayB.cope withC.cut intoD.set aside(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.fell onB.switched
9、toC.held onD.turned to(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.combatB.campaignC.contestD.struggle(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.costB.repayC.takeD.spend(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.digestB.swallowC.purchaseD.manufacture(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.AlthoughB.SinceC.WhereasD.If(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.deterioratingB.better offC.worseningD.suffering(
10、15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.reasonsB.outcomesC.consequencesD.causes(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.FurthermoreB.NeverthelessC.MoreoverD.Additionally(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.thoroughlyB.enthusiasticallyC.activelyD.skillfully(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.makingB.puttingC.bringingD.bottling(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.whatB.whicheverC.thatD.
11、which(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.symptomsB.indicationsC.signaturesD.appearances二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension_3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D._According to the American College Health
12、 Associations most recent annual national survey, 30 percent of college students reported feeling “so depressed that it was difficult to function“ at some time over the past year. Nearly three fourths of respondents in a 2011 National Alliance on Mental Illness study of college students diagnosed wi
13、th mental health conditions said they experienced a mental health crisis while in school. The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and other federal disability laws prohibit discrimination against students whose psychiatric disabilities “substantially limit a major life activity“ and mandates that
14、colleges and universities provide them with “reasonable accommodations“ such as lower course loads and extended deadlines. Despite that very clearly stated law, dozens of current or recent students at colleges and universities across the countrylarge and small, private and publictold Newsweek they w
15、ere punished for seeking help: kicked out of campus housing with nowhere else to go, abruptly forced to withdraw from school and even involuntarily committed to psychiatric wards. “Colleges are very accustomed to accommodating learning and physical disabilities, but they dont understand simple ways
16、of accommodating mental health disabilities,“ says Professor Peter Lake, an expert on higher education law and policy who sees widespread fear and reluctance across the board to “promote diversity that encompasses mental disabilities and mood disorders.“ Lake often tells skeptics about a man who suf
17、fered from clinical depression and constantly talked about suicide: His name was Abraham Lincoln. “We dont want to remove these people,“ Lake says. “We want to expand the definition of diversity to make sure theyre included.“ Most lifetime cases of mental health conditions begin by the age of 24, an
18、d thanks to a variety of factors, including rising antidepressant prescription rates and stigma reduction efforts, college students are more and more likely to ask campus counselors for assistance. The number of students seeking counseling for “severe“ psychological problems jumped from 16 percent i
19、n 2000 to 39 percent in 2012; the percentage of students who report suicidal thoughts has risen along with it. “Schools should encourage students to seek treatment. But a lot of policies I see involve excessive use of discipline and involuntary leaves of absence, and they discourage students from as
20、king for the help they need,“ says Karen Bower, a private attorney who specializes in disability discrimination cases in higher education. “Ultimately, that makes the campus less safe.“ Two large-scale studies found that around 10 percent of college student respondents had thought about suicide in t
21、he past year, but only 1.5 percent admitted to having made a suicide attempt. Combined with data from other studies, that suggests that the odds that a student with suicidal ideationthe medical term for suicidal thoughtswill actually commit suicide are 1,000 to 1. “Thus, policies that impose restric
22、tions on students who manifest suicidal ideation will sweep in 999 students who would not commit suicide for every student who will end his or her life,“ Paul S. Appelbaum writes in Law by examining all the possible combinations, theorists can spot outcomes that individuals acting alone cannot achie
23、ve. They then focus on something called the “core“ of the gamethose outcomes that are “stable“ in the sense that no subgroup would do better by breaking away and acting alone. But the theory is pivotal in understanding how to set up medical job-matching system in a stable way so that no hospital or
24、medical school wants to break off and set up alone. Cooperative game theory is still being used in cutting edge auction design. And the Nobel is just one example of real-life problems solved by micro. A thoroughly macroeconomic problemunconventional monetary policyis another. In 2007 and 2008, centr
25、al banks and finance ministries decided that it was a good idea to follow this policy which involves exchanging good assets (cash or treasury bills, for example) for illiquid ones. But working out exactly how to do it was a very different question. One major stumbling block was to work out what pric
26、e to pay for the bad assets: markets were thinly traded and prices often did not exist. Micro theorists came up with the answers. In America, various academics advised the US Treasury in 2008. But the best example of micro in action is Britain, where the Bank of England uses a new type of auctionthe
27、 Product Mix auctiondesigned by Paul Klemperer. The Banks Governor, Sir Mervyn King, clearly finds micro theory useful: There is an important lesson about making cutting edge economics accessible here. Auction theory uses very tough mathematics to grind out results. But micro theorists also work har
28、d on the intuition for their work. As an example, the results from Mr Klemperers auction can be set out in a simple graphical format. This means non-specialists (like central bank governors) can access it easily, making it much more useful in policy settings. In macroeconomics, the opposite seems to
29、 be true: the maths is actually easier, but it is just hard enough to exclude non-specialists, and this shields models from popular scrutiny. Micro has made big recent developments in much more familiar areas too, including how we should think about the economics of Facebook, stock exchanges, newspa
30、pers and money. These are all platforms or intermediaries that link two types of user (Facebook connects users and advertisers, exchanges connect buyers and sellers). The economics of these platforms has spawned a new branch of micro, first developed by Jean Tirole and Jean Charles-Rochet in the ear
31、ly 2000s. These types of new insight explain why leading academic microeconomics are also top advisers at innovative technology firms. Hal Varian, probably the worlds best known microeconomist, is also the top economist at Google. Granted, this happens with banks and business-school academics too, b
32、ut in microeconomics the “real world“ experience seems to be nourishing the discipline in a way that is less clear in macro. A final strength may come from geographic diversity. In micro, while American universities lead the field, there are lots of other world-class hubs too. Macroeconomics, by com
33、parison, is an all-American affair. Maybe this means a more diverse set of ideas about how firms, consumer and markets work are being brought to academic work in micro. Whatever the reason, microeconomists are on the up.（分数：10.00）(1).All the following facts can support the view of “microeconomists a
34、re on the march“ EXCEPT that they _.（分数：2.00）A.won the Nobel Prize by building on cooperative game theoryB.exchanged good assets such as cash for illiquid onesC.made suggestions for the US Treasury in 2008D.are hired as top consultants at some innovative technology firms(2).It can be learned that co
35、operative game theory _.（分数：2.00）A.is a new theory proposed by two Nobel Prize winners this weekB.helps predict the outcome when people work togetherC.emphasizes that all subgroups can do equally well as acting togetherD.offers some crucial insights into medical job-matching system(3).What does the
36、phrase “grind out“ (Line 2, Para. 5) mean?（分数：2.00）A.Search something with perseverance.B.Achieve something with certainty.C.Produce something with difficulty.D.Deliver something with efficiency.(4).It can be inferred from Paragraph 7 that the “real world“ experience _.（分数：2.00）A.develops microecono
37、mics in a more obscure way than that in macroeconomicsB.is of greater value in macro sectors like banks and business schoolsC.qualifies microeconomics for the work at innovative technology firmsD.provides new insights which influence microeconomics in a less clear way(5).The title that best expresse
38、s the theme of the passage is _.（分数：2.00）A.The Nobel Prize Goes to Two MicroeconomistsB.Microeconomics: Real World ExperienceC.The Origin of Cooperative Game TheoryD.Microeconomics: A Golden Age of Micro4.Part B_When an American policeman pulled over a Volkswagen (VW) Jetta in 2013, he suspected tha
39、t the array of pipes sticking out of the back of the car and the grey box and portable generator in the vehicle were a sign of something fishy. He was right. The West Virginia University researchers inside the car had nothing to hide. 1 The decision by VW, a pillar of Germanys car industry, to fit “
40、defeat devices“ and cheat emissions tests in up to 11m cars has so far cost the company $ 21bn in fines and compensation in North America alone. 2 Jack Ewing, a journalist for the New York Times, offers a timely guide to the scandal, setting out in detail why VWs corporate culture led to the decepti
41、on.He delves into VWs origins, when Adolf Hitler ordered the construction of a “peoples car“, or Volkswagen in German. VW set up shop in the German countryside. Wolfsburg bred a “headquarters mentality“ that insulated the firm from outside influence. 3.This allowed autocratic bosses to have their wa
42、y. Ferdinand Pi?ch became chief executive in 1993 at a time when the company was struggling. To win back sales, Mr. Ewing argues, he created the conditions that allowed the fraud to “fester“. To keep workers onside, the company had to carry on growing. Managers were kept quiet through fear. The ruth
43、less Mr. Pi?ch replaced almost the entire management board by his second year in the job. His successor as CEO, Martin Winterkorn, a man cut from the same cloth, wanted the firm to become the worlds biggest carmaker. An assault on the American market, where VW was weak and emissions regulations much
44、 tighter than in Europe, was vital to overtaking Toyota and General Motors. To meet that demanding target, though, VW had to cheat. 4 The company insists the deception was cooked up by middle managers and that senior bosses, despite a reputation for microscopic attention to detail, knew nothing of t
45、he fraud until it was too late. If there is clear evidence implicating bigger fish it has yet to emerge. 5 European customers are pursuing class-action lawsuits for compensation , though VW insists it did nothing wrong in Europe, where the rules are laxer. Mr. Pi?ch left the company before the scand
46、al erupted and Mr. Winterkorn has since resigned. Several employees have been arrested or charged with criminal offences in America. German prosecutors are investigating nearly 40 employees and have begun a probe into Matthias Mller, the latest CEO and another long-serving insider, for failing to wa
47、rn shareholders in a timely manner about the scandal. The company has denied those allegations. In any event, Mr. Ewings tale will need a new edition with extra chapters. A Mr. Ewing explains why VW cheated, but pinpointing who was responsible has been much harder. B The German car maker has been in
48、stalling “defeat devices“-software that allows cars to cheat in emissions tests, making them appear cleaner than they actually are. C The scandal still haunts VW, despite a settlement with American law enforcers and compensation for American car-buyers. D Martin Winterkorn, the German companys chief executive, accepted responsibility when he resigned , but denied any wrongdoing on his par
