1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 169 及答案解析(总分：60.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.（分数：10.00）_There is a common misconception that the single mos
2、t important factor in science and development is the need for adequate funding for relevant research. This type of thinkingsometimes described as the “science push“ model of developmenttends to focus on the proportion of a country“s gross national product spent on research and development. But spend
3、ing on research is part of a broader picture . An arguably larger role is played by government policies affecting the practical application of scientific knowledge. This usually involves embedding such knowledge in technological products and processes, what is widely described as “technology transfe
4、r“. Technology transfer has in the past often been demonised in many development policy circles as a process by which multinational corporations become rich at the expense of poor countriesselling them products they cannot afford and keeping them politically subservient by refusing to license techni
5、cal know-how. But as developing countries have become increasingly integrated into a single global economy, such thinking has changed. For regions like East Asia or Latin America, effective technology transfer, tapping into the scientific and technical knowledge of not only researchers in the North,
6、 but increasingly their own, is now recognised as essential to economic growth and social prosperity. One important theme to emerge is that technology transfer has become a complex business, with many different actors. But, just as important, is the fact that society“ s poorest sectors are often for
7、gotten in technology transfer debates. Debates raised by the poverty gap between rich and poor countries are being replaced by concerns about the gap within developing countries themselves. This should come as little surprise. In practice, the private sector tends to provide the most widely used cha
8、nnels for technology transfer. This is largely because the most effective mechanism for promoting rapid technology innovation is the market, with incentives for entrepreneurs and rewards, through patents, for inventors. But governments still share substantial responsibility for making technology tra
9、nsfer work effectively and in the national interest. They must, for example, invest in the capital and intellectual infrastructure needed for smooth technology transfer. This includes investing in university-based research and training, to ensure that a country has the knowledge and skills it needs
10、to not only acquire but also use new technologies. Governments also need to regulate all transferred technologiesthese should not just be useful, but socially acceptable as well. Governments must develop public institutions that can make such a judgement, either by adopting international criteria(on
11、 safety levels, for example)or by developing criteria of their own.（分数：10.00）(1).The phrase “a broader picture“(Line 1, Paragraph 2)refers to_.（分数：2.00）A.GNP spent on research and developmentB.the “science push“ model of developmentC.the vital role played by government policiesD.the practical applic
12、ation of scientific knowledge(2).It is believed right now that technology transfer_.（分数：2.00）A.helps poor countries develop fasterB.benefits multinational corporationsC.harms poor countries in many waysD.affects many development policy circles(3).The word “demonise“(Line 1, Paragraph 3)most probably
13、 means_.（分数：2.00）A.regardB.blackenC.interpretD.recognize(4).In the author“s opinion, the policies on technology transfer must_.（分数：2.00）A.serve as an effective mechanism for social developmentB.bridge the distinct gap between rich and poor countriesC.meet the needs of the poorest in developing count
14、riesD.be as effective as possible and in the national interest(5).The author suggests that in order to make effective technology transfer, governments should_.（分数：2.00）A.invest more in the intellectual infrastructureB.go to great lengths to offer extensive supportC.regulate all technologies availabl
15、e for transferD.adopt higher criteria to develop public institutions“What can Iran teach us about good governance?“ is not a question often posed in Washington. But according to Benjamin Hippen, a transplant nephrologist in North Carolina, the Iranians have managed to do something American policy ma
16、kers have long thought impossible: They“ ve found kidneys for every single citizen in need. As Hippen explains in a March report for the Cato Institute, the Iranian government has been paying kidney donors since 1988. To avoid potential conflicts of interest, donors and recipients work through an in
17、dependent organization known as the Dialysis and Transplant Patient Association. Donors approach the association on their own; they cannot be recruited by physicians or referred by brokers with financial incentives. They receive $ 1,200 and limited health coverage from the government, in addition to
18、 direct remuneration from the recipientor, if the recipient is impoverished, from one of several charitable organizations. The combination of charitable and governmental payments ensures that poor recipients are treated as well as wealthy ones. Critics of organ markets often claim that where payment
19、s are permitted, altruistic donation will drop off. Hippen found this is not the case in Iran. The country“s deceased donor program, started in 2000, has grown steadily alongside paid donation.(Posthumous donations are not remunerated.)During the last eight years, deceased donations have increased t
20、enfold. Data on the long-term health of Iranian, kidney donors is mixed and inconclusive, so Hippen recommends that any U. S. system closely track donors and provide them with lifelong health care. Since many potential kidney recipients are currently surviving on vastly more expensive dialysis treat
21、ment(paid for by Medicare), providing donors with long-term health care is probably more cost-effective than the status quo. American critics continue to lament that Iran failed to adopt the U. S. policy of banning payment for organs in the mid-1980s. “Carrying this reasoning to its conclusion,“ wri
22、tes Hippen, “would entail admitting that in so doing, Iran would have also incurred our current shortage of organs, our waiting list mortality, and our consequent moral complicity in generating a state of affairs that sustains an international market in illegal organ trafficking. “ No other country
23、has managed to eliminate its kidney waiting list; the U. S. has a list 73,000 patients long. Who should be advising whom?（分数：10.00）(1).Benjamin Hippen thinks that the Iranian government_.（分数：2.00）A.outshines Americans in public policy makingB.has done something impossible for its citizensC.sets an e
24、xample in managing kidney transplantD.teaches Americans how to improve management(2).In Iran, kidney donors_.（分数：2.00）A.are usually recruited by transplant physiciansB.receive charitable and governmental paymentsC.avoid accepting direct payments from recipientsD.join the Dialysis and Transplant Pati
25、ent Association(3).The deceased donor program in Iran_.（分数：2.00）A.has been subject to some sharp criticismB.permits payments in voluntary donationsC.needs the help of charitable organizationsD.contributes to genuine altruistic donation(4).Hippen suggests that the kidney transplant system in U. S._.（
26、分数：2.00）A.follow the long-term health of donors closelyB.provide kidney patients with better health careC.free the kidney patients from expensive dialysisD.reduce the cost of the expensive dialysis treatment(5).If Iran had banned payment for organs, it would have_.（分数：2.00）A.eliminated its kidney wa
27、iting listB.avoided the criticism from criticsC.suffered severe shortage of kidneysD.minimized illegal organ traffickingWe are all compassionate in one way or another; at times selective. Expressing compassion is inherently characteristic of us. Phenomenal tasks have been accomplished, oceans and mo
28、untains have been trekked across, and lives have been drastically altered because of compassion. It is our truest expression of love. Developing it as a way of life takes time, patience, and the enlightenment of our spirit. We are here for our lifetime and ultimately we will die. In our lifetime we
29、should strive to build character, develop good moral qualities, and be in tuned with our world and its needs. In order to be compassionate, we must put ourselves in “another“s shoes“ and ask ourselves this question, “If it were me, what would I need or how would I feel?“ Each day should be a learnin
30、g experience for us. As we encounter different types of individuals we find that some we seem to bond to naturally because of similar interest, ethnic background or other reasons. It is easy to love them like a family member or friend. But what about a stranger, coworker or neighbor who are differen
31、t from us; one with different interests or one who may be just a difficult individual to get along with? Over time, we must learn to accept differences. Over time we must learn that an individual“s actions are effects of experiences. It is these individuals who test our compassion. Love is the key f
32、actor that builds the foundation for compassion. First, we must know what love is. For if we do not know love, how could we love another? Once we develop love within ourselves we realize the goodness it creates and the wonderful satisfaction it produces. We all desire love. Expressing it fills a voi
33、d for the receiver and giver. We must work at becoming tolerant and understanding to those who are different or towards those we dislike and realize that we are all individuals, each with a special uniqueness. Some may not be open to your expression of love. That is okay because others will learn fr
34、om your actions. We live on the same earth, we breathe the same air, eat the same foods produced from our earth, sleep under the same sun, moon and stars. We are a family and should practice brotherly love. Compassion is not condoning to another“ s belief and behaviors. It is simply being sympatheti
35、c and understanding towards one another. By loving unconditionally, compassion follows. All you have to do is spread your love.（分数：10.00）(1).The author believes that compassion_.（分数：2.00）A.gives rise to the desire to alter livesB.means to suffer together with othersC.is a great virtue everyone is bo
36、rn withD.is a genuine manifestation of affection(2).In order to cultivate compassion, we should_.（分数：2.00）A.develop a deep empathy for other peopleB.exercise patience and enlighten our spiritC.learn to get along well with everyone elseD.try every means to improve moral qualities(3).According to the
37、text, compassion is best manifested in_.（分数：2.00）A.the feeling of sympathy and sorrow for anotherB.wholehearted liking for or pleasure in someoneC.affectionate concern for the well-being of othersD.the love for one who may be tiresome or annoying(4).The author argues that love_.（分数：2.00）A.is a stron
38、g feeling that everyone desiresB.exists in the heart of every human beingC.gives rise to one“s compassion for othersD.produces both goodness and satisfaction(5).To be compassionate, we should_.（分数：2.00）A.excuse or forgive what others believe and doB.try to share the sentiments or ideas of othersC.tr
39、eat each other with cordiality and generosityD.be sincere and honest when talking with othersTypically, the death of a language is discussed in the same vein as the disappearance of moas and passenger pigeons. The problem is actually more rampant than species attrition : A hundred years from now, to
40、day“s 6,000 languages will likely number only 600. But that“s not necessarily a bad thing. Now, to be clear, as someone who has taught himself languages as a hobby since childhood, I hardly rejoice when a language dies. Languages can put concepts together in ways more fascinatingly different from En
41、glish than most of us are aware. Yet supposing that we could keep 6,000 languages alive is like supposing that we could stop, say, ice from getting soft under the sun. As people speaking many indigenous languages migrate to cities, inevitably they learn globally dominant languages like English and u
42、se them with one another. Their children may use their parents“ indigenous languages at home. But they never knew the lifestyle that those languages were born to express, and will be more comfortable in the public language of the world in which they grow up. They will speak mostly the public one to
43、their own children. This is how languages die. Many hope that we can turn back the tide with programs to revive indigenous languages, but the sad fact is that this will almost never be seriously effective. I once taught a class of Native Americans their ancestral language in a summer program. This h
44、ad the positive effect of helping them feel connected to their ancestors, but there was no possible way they were going to be able to converse in the language. In any case, language death is actually a healthy outcome of diversity. If people speaking different languages truly come together, as the B
45、eatles urged us, then they need to speak a common language. Then the age-old process begins: The first generation is more comfortable in the old language, the second uses it as an at-home language and the third knows only some words and phrases. But cultural diversity persists despite the common lan
46、guage. When people use their distinct language down the generations, It“s usually bad, indicating discrimination or segregationprecisely what “diversity“ fans would otherwise consider a scourge. Jews in shtetls spoke Yiddish at home and other languages elsewhere because they lived in Jewish ghettos,
47、 not because they delighted in being bilingual. I hope that dying languages can be recorded and described, but their individual deaths are not something to be mourned. Indeed a single “world“ language would not be in itself catastrophic.（分数：10.00）(1).The underlined word “attrition“ in the first para
48、graph most probably means_.（分数：2.00）A.reductionB.alterationC.evolutionD.variation(2).The author believes that the death of a language is_.（分数：2.00）A.not dissimilar to the decay of anything in natureB.as unavoidable as the extinction of some speciesC.even faster than the extinction of ancient animals
49、D.much similar to the disappearance of rare animals(3).By citing his experience of teaching in a summer program, the author intends to show that_.（分数：2.00）A.indigenous languages can be revivedB.a dying language can hardly be revivedC.language death is a healthy consequenceD.only globally dominant languages persist(4).Accordi
