1、考研英语（阅读）-试卷 177 及答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_2.Part B（分数：10.00）_Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds li
2、ving today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 1. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are f
3、ound tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 2.Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there mu
4、st be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing. 3. There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of sh
5、ield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 4 . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young g
6、rew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 5. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familia
7、r animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known. BNevertheless, we know a great deal
8、about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, from them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300
9、million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years the
10、se were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. DThe best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large over large areas of the world. EThe earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in
11、 the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the star-fishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks. FWhen an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea
12、 and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved. GMany factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism m
13、ay be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.（分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_AThe first and more important is the consumer“ s growing preference for eating out; consumption of food and drink in places
14、 other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail dema
15、nd of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative. BRetail sales of food and drink in Europe“ s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European groc
16、ery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind o
17、f market retailers need. CWill such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide
18、 what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold. DAll in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply
19、 their scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Close
20、r inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the seg
21、ments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed, too. EDespite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined France, Germany, Italy and S
22、painare made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores, which unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don“t eat at home. Such food servic
23、e operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca“: hotels, restaurants and cafes. Overall, Europe“s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the fig
24、ures, when added together, mask two opposing trends. FFor example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $168 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; whole
25、sale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. GHowever, none of these requirements should deter large retailers(and e
26、ven some large good producers and existing wholesalers)from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains. Order: （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_ANo disciplines have seized on professionalism with as much enthusiasm a
27、s the humanities. You can, Mr Menand points out, became a lawyer in three years and a medical doctor in four. But the regular time it takes to get a doctoral degree in the humanities is nine years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their degrees
28、. BHis concern is mainly with the humanities: literature, languages, philosophy and so on. These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major in business compared with only 2% in history and 4% in English. However, many leading American universities want t
29、heir undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas that every educated person should possess. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general education“ should look like. At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because they have been read“they form a sort of so
30、cial glue. CEqually unsurprisingly, only about half end up with professorships for which they entered graduate school. There are simply too few posts. This is partly because universities continue to produce ever more PhDs. But fewer students want to study humanities subjects: English departments awa
31、rded more bachelor“s degrees in 1970-71 than they did 20 years later. Fewer students require fewer teachers. So, at the end of a decade of theses-writing, many humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained. DOne reason why it is hard to design and teac
32、h such courses is that they can cut across the insistence by top American universities that liberal-arts educations and professional education should be kept separate, taught in different schools. Many students experience both varieties. Although more than half of Harvard undergraduates end up in la
33、w, medicine or business, fixture doctors and lawyers must study a non-specialist liberal-arts degree before embarking on a professional qualification. EBesides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities have professionalized the professor. The growth in public mo
34、ney for academic research has speeded the process: federal research grants rose fourfold between 1960 and 1990, but faculty teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as
35、late as 1969 a third of American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalization, argues Mr Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a particular specialization are transmissible but not transferable.“ So disciplines acquire a monopoly not just over the produc
36、tion of knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge. FThe key to reforming higher education, concludes Mr Menand, is to alter the way in which “the producers of knowledge are produced.“ Otherwise, academics will continue to think dangerously alike, increasingly detached fro
37、m the societies which they study, investigate and criticize.“ Academic inquiry, at least in some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and more holistic.“ Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand does not say.GThe subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance
38、 in the American University should be read by every student thinking of applying to take a doctoral degree. They may then decide to go elsewhere. For something curious has been happening in American Universities, and Louis Menand, a professor of English at Harvard University, captured it skillfully.
39、 Order: （分数：10.00）填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_填空项 1:_考研英语（阅读）-试卷 177 答案解析(总分：50.00，做题时间：90 分钟)一、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：5，分数：50.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）_解析：2.Part B（分数：10.00）_解析：Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals.
40、 Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 1. Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions
41、of years ago. That kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate. 2.Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals
42、that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing. 3. There were also crablike creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy
43、 bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet. 4 . Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each r
44、epresenting a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast. 5. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly
45、 developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings. AThe shellfish have a long history in the rock and many diffe
46、rent kinds are known. BNevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils, from them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate. CThe first animals with true backbones were the fishes, fir
47、st known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer is formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air. DThe best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large
